A Sodium Oxychlorosene-Based Infection Prevention Protocol Safely Decreases Postoperative Wound Infections in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine the efficacy of a complex multi-institutional sodium oxychlorosene-based infection protocol for decreasing the rate of surgical site infection after instrumented spinal surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD). Infection prevention protocols have not been previously studied in ASD patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent posterior instrumented spinal fusion of the thoracic or lumbar spine for deformity correction between January 1, 2011, and May 31, 2019. The efficacy of a multi-modal infection prevention protocol was examined. The infection prevention bundle consisted of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus testing, chlorhexidine gluconate bathing preoperatively, sodium oxychlorosene rinse, vancomycin powder placement, and surgical drain placement at the time of surgery. RESULTS: About 254 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Among these patients, nine (3.5%) experienced post-surgical deep-wound infection. Demographics and surgical characteristics amongst infected and non-infected cohorts were similar, although diabetes trended towards being more prevalent in patients who developed a postoperative wound infection (p=0.07). Among 222 patients (87.4%) who achieved a minimum of two years of follow-ups, 184 patients (82.9%) experienced successful fusion, comparing favorably with pseudarthrosis rates in the ASD literature. Rates of pseudarthrosis and proximal junction kyphosis were similar amongst infected and non-infected patients. CONCLUSION: An intraoperative comprehensive sodium oxychlorosene-based infection prevention protocol helped to provide a low rate of infection after major deformity correction without negatively impacting other postoperative procedure-related metrics.

Use of an intraoperative sodium oxychlorosene-based infection prevention protocol to safely decrease postoperative wound infections after spine surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Postoperative infection remains prevalent after spinal surgical procedures. Institutional protocols for infection prevention have improved rates of infection after spine surgery. However, prior studies have focused on only elective surgical patients. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a multiinstitutional intraoperative sodium oxychlorosene-based infection prevention protocol for decreasing rate of infection after instrumented spinal surgery. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed at two tertiary care institutions with level I trauma programs, and patients who underwent posterior instrumented spinal fusion between January 1, 2011, and May 31, 2019, were included. Postoperative deep wound infection rates were captured before and after implementation of a multiinstitutional infection prevention protocol. Possible adverse outcomes related to infection prevention techniques were also examined. In addition, consecutive patients treated from January 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019, were prospectively included in a database to collect preoperative and postoperative spine-specific quality of life measures and to assess the impact of postoperative infection on quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 5047 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Of these, 1043 patients underwent surgery prior to protocol implementation. The infection rate of this cohort (3.5%) decreased significantly after protocol implementation (1.2%, p < 0.001). Postoperative sterile seroma rates did not differ between the preprotocol and postprotocol groups (0.7% vs 0.7%, p = 0.5). In the 1031 patients who underwent surgery between January 2018 and May 2019, the fusion rate was 89.2%. Quality of life outcomes between patients with infection and those without infection were similar, although statistical power was limited owing to the low rate of infection. Notably, 2 of 10 patients who developed deep wound infection died of infection-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: An intraoperative sodium oxychlorosene-based infection prevention protocol helped to significantly decrease the rate of infection after spine surgery without negatively impacting other postoperative procedure-related metrics. Postoperative wound infection may be associated with higher-than-expected rate of postoperative mortality.

Spinal surgery following organ transplantation.

OBJECT: Organ transplantation for renal, liver, cardiac, and pulmonary failure has become more common in recent years, and patients are living longer as a result of improved organ preservation methods, immunosuppressive regimens, and general posttransplant care. Some of these patients undergo spine fusion surgery following organ transplantation, and there is little available information concerning outcomes. The authors report on their experience with and the outcomes of spine fusion in this rare and unique immunosuppressed patient group. METHODS: Using the Current Procedural Terminology and ICD-9 codes for solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplantations (BMTs), and spine fusion surgeries, the authors searched their patient database between 1997 and 2008. Data points of interest included primary diagnosis, type of organ transplant, immunosuppressant drug therapy, complications from spine surgery, and radiographic analysis of spine fusion. Spine fusion was assessed with CT or radiography at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: The database search results revealed 5999 patients who underwent heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine, or bone marrow transplant between 1997 and 2008. Eighteen of the 5999 patients underwent a spine fusion surgery while receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Organ transplants included kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, and allogenic BMT. There were 3 deaths unrelated to spine fusion within 1 year of the surgery and 1 death immediately after spine surgery. Graft-versus-host disease developed in 1 patient when prednisone was stopped prior to the spine surgery. Thirteen patients underwent follow-up radiographic imaging at an average of 25 months after spine surgery; 12 demonstrated radiographic fusion. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that spine fusion rates are adequate despite immunosuppressive therapy in patients undergoing spinal fusion after transplant procedures. The data also illustrate the high morbidity and mortality rates found in the organ transplant patient population.