[The function of the peripheral adrenergic link under the action of neuroleptics in immobilization stress]. / Sostoianie perifericheskogo adrenergicheskogo zvena pri deistvii neiroleptikov v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa.

The morphofunctional state of different links of the sympathoadrenal system under the action of neuroleptics haloperidol and sulpiride was studied on the model of immobilization stress in rats. The drugs were shown to possess the effect of the pharmacological correction of hormone content in the adrenals and the level of the neuromediator activity of the adrenergic nerves at different stages of immobilization stress. The data obtained indicate the anti-stress action of the studied neuroleptics. The effect of sulpiride is noted both in the early (the stage of anxiety) and late (the stage of exhaustion) periods of immobilization. The action of haloperidol is mainly limited to the stage of anxiety.

[Role of peripheral adrenergic links in the development of antidepressive effect in an experimental model of behavioral depression in rats]. / Rol' perifericheskogo adrenergicheskogo zvena v razvitii éffekta antidepressantov na éksperimental'noi modeli depressii povedeniia u koshek.

The study was made on the reserpine model of behavioural depression in cats. The morphofunctional state of peripheral adrenergic nerves in control experiments and under action of antidepressants (befol and nialamid) was studied by fluorescent microscopic method. One definite correlation was shown between the state of somatovegetative changes and the level of neuromediator activity of the adrenergic structures. It was established that the used antidepressants (more expressive by befol) have protective effect in depressive conditions.

[Role of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in the antistress action of neuropeptides]. / Rol' perifericheskikh katekholaminergicheskikh sistem v antistressovom deistvii neiropeptidov.

The mediator activity of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems (the adrenergic nerves of dura mater and the concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the adrenals of rats) during dynamic and immobilization stress was investigated with the help of fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry. Neuropeptides--dalargin and another enkephalin analog--were injected intraperitoneally, 150 mg/kg. A visible antistress action of these neuropeptides has been demonstrated, it was more marked after treatment with dalargin. The role of peripheral catecholaminergic system in the mechanism of stress-protective effects of neuropeptides is discussed.

[Metabolic level and the function of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immobilization hypothermia in rats]. / Uroven' metabolizma i sostoianie perifericheskikh katekholaminergicheskikh sistem pri immobilizatsionnoi gipotermii u krys.

Metabolic peculiarities were studied on the model of prolonged immobilization hypothermia in rats (body temperature +20 degrees C for 24 h). Stress reactions and the state of peripheral catecholaminergic systems were compared in hypo- and normothermia. A direct correlation was established between the intensity of metabolism and the mediator activity in adrenergic nerve structures.

[State of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems during pharmacologic correction of immobilization stress using sodium oxybutyrate]. / Sostoianie perifericheskikh katekholaminergicheskikh sistem v usloviiakh farmakologicheskoi korrektsii immobilizatsionnogo stressa s pomoshch'iu oksibutirata natriia.

Fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry of biogenic amines were employed to study the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immobilized rats which received sodium hydroxybutyrate. The content of catecholamines was measured in the adrenergic nerves of dura mater, vas deferens and chromaffin tissue of the adrenals. It was established that sodium hydroxybutyrate in a dose of 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally promoted returning to normal of the adrenergic mediator activity during alarm and resistance stages. The role of the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in the mechanism of the stress-protective effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate is discussed.

[Effect of phenazepam on the peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immobilization stress]. / Vliianie fenazepama na perifericheskie katekholaminergicheskie sistemy v usloviiakh immobilizatsionnogo stressa.

Fluorescent microscopy and spectrofluorometry of biogenic amines were used to study adrenergic innervation of the dura mater, vas deferens and medullary substance of the adrenals in immobilized rats treated with phenazepam. It was established that phenazepam (1 mg/kg, i. p.) prevented the decrease in the level of the adrenergic transmitter at the stage of anxiety and promoted its stabilization throughout the entire period of body adaptation to immobilization. The stress-protective effect of the drug appeared reduced at the stage of cachexia.

[State of adrenergic innervation of rat mesentery and dura mater during immobilization stress]. / Sostoianie adrenergicheskoi innervatsii bryzheiki i tverdoi obolochki mozga krysy pri immobilizatsionnom stresse.

Fluorescent microscopy combined with an assay of the intensity of nerve structure fluorescence was used to study adrenergic innervation of the rat mesentery and dura mater under immobilization stress. The adrenergic nerves were found to undergo morphofunctional changes over time. These changes were marked by a dramatic fall of noradrenaline fluorescence within the first immobilization hours, followed by rise at the 4th-6th hour of experiment. In prolonged immobilization, mediator activity of the adrenergic nerves remained under initial (control) level. The data obtained attest to the involvement of the peripheral adrenergic innervation in stressor response and in the adaptive mechanisms during immobilization.

[Adrenergic innervation of the precapillary sphincters of the mesenteric microcirculatory bed]. / Adrenergicheskaia innervatsiia prekapilliarnykh sfinkterov mikrotsirkuliarnogo rusla bryzheiki.

Adrenergic (sympathetic) innervation of the precapillary sphincters in the microcirculatory bed of the rat mesentery was studied with Falck-Hillarp's method. It was shown that the precapillary sphincters are characterized by high density of the adrenergic innervation structures and specific architectonics. The results allow one to consider the adrenergic apparatus of the precapillary sphincters as a morphological substrate of their nervous regulation, thus indicating direct participation of sympathetic innervation in the sphincter function in the microcirculatory bed.

[Adrenergic innervation of venous and lymphatic microvessels]. / Osobennosti adrenergicheskoi innervatsii venoznykh i limfaticheskikh mikrososudov.

The Falck-Hillarp method was used to study adrenergic (sympathetic) innervation of the veins and lymphatics in the microcirculatory bed of the rat mesentery. It was ascertained that innervation of these vessels is realized by side branching of the periarterial adrenergic plexuses. While being in contact with adjacent venous and lymphatic vessels, they form in the latters' wall perivenous and perilymphatic adrenergic plexuses. It is noted that adrenergic innervation of venous and lymphatic microvessels is ununiform and focal in nature. The results allow one to consider the periarterial adrenergic plexuses as a fundamental source of innervation of veins and lymphatics of the mesenterial microcirculatory bed.

Adrenergic terminal structures in the mesentery of mammals.

This work is devoted to the study of adrenergic terminal structures in the mesentery of mammals (cat, dog). The investigation was performed with the Falck-Hillarp method of catecholamine fluorescence microscopy on total stretch mesentery preparations. The investigation showed that richly developed perivascular plexus constitute the basis of the adrenergic innervation system of the mesentery. In numerous points of these plexuses, single adrenergic fibers or polyaxonal structures are observed to issue into nonvascular areas of the mesentery where after repeated dichotomic division they pass into the preterminal and terminal parts. Being constructed on the principle of extended or restrained arborizations, these innervating structures have a morphological similarity with free sensory nerve endings. In this connection, the question of the possible existence of the sensory (afferent) links in the catecholamine-containing vegetative nerve plexuses is discussed.

The morphological phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors.

The work is devoted to the study of a peculiar morphological phenomenon called paravascular reorganization of nerve conductors. In its most general form this phenomenon takes the form of a flattening and an enlargement of the nerve bundles which surround the vessel in the zones of their paravascular localization. The nerve fibres undergo a number of morphological changes, the most characteristic of which are: proliferation of Schwann elements, foci of "demyelinization", varicose swelling of axons, mesh-like formations in the axis-cylinders. These changes are seen mainly in the myelinated fibres of afferent origin. The unmyelinated vegetative fibres remain unchanged in the zones of paravascular localization. The phenomenon of paravascular reorganization of the nerve conductors is of wide-spread occurrence in mammals and humans. It is found most often in flat organs and tissues whose thinness results in contiguity of blood-supplying vessels and nerve conductors. The role of vascular mobility as factor in the morphological reorganization of nerve conductors at their points of intersection and contact within the vascular walls is discussed.

[Adrenergic terminal structures in mamalian mesentery]. / Adrenergicheskie terminal'nye struktury v bryzheike mlekopitaiushchikh

The work is devoted to the study of adrenergic terminal structures in the mesentery of mammals by fluorescent microscopy of catecholamines. The system of adrenergic innervation of the mesentery proved to be based on well-developed perivascular plexuses. In many points of these plexuses individual adrenergic fibers penetrated the avascular mesenteric areas, where they formed preterminal and terminal portions as a result of repeated dichotomic divisions. These innervating structures built by the principle of widespread or restricted arborizations displayed morphological similarity to free sensory nerve endings. In this connection a possibility of distinction of the sensory (afferent) links in the catecholamine-containing vegetative nerve plexuses is discussed.

Particular features of the innervation of taste buds of the epiglottis in monkeys.

The work is devoted to the study of the structure of the innervation apparatus of taste buds in the epiglottis of monkeys (Macacus rhesus). The Campos inpregnation method was used. It is established that several afferent myelinated fibers participate in the innervation of each taste bud of the epiglottis. The peculiarity of structure of their preterminal and terminal parts having the appearance of complex windings and spirals is noted. The polyaxonic principle of the innervation of taste buds of the epiglottis in monkeys is considered as a possible mechanism of generalization of the afferent impulses. It is suggested that the innervation apparatus of the taste buds of the epiglottis constitutes part of unique afferent system of this organ, ensuring its defensive function. The incongruity (from the histophysiological standpoint) of the term 'taste bud' in relation to the epiglottis is noted. It is proposed to call these formations special structures of the chemo-receptors.

[Ultrastructural analysis of preparations impregnated with silver salts]. / Ultrastrukturnyi analiz preparatov, impregnirovannykh soliami serebra

The work was devoted to the ultrastructural analysis of the neurohistological preparations. Sections of the tissue from the precardial parts of the pulmonary and caval dog veins were impregnated with silver salts after Campos and embedded in the araldite by a special method. Electronmicroscopi studies showed reduced silver adsorbed by the tissue of the impregnated preparations to exhibit a granular structure (the granules were 30-400 A in size). The largest of them were revealed in the axoplasm of the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve conductors, whereas the smaller ones found in various cellular and fibrous formations of the tissue substrate; silver granules were as a rule absent within the thickness of the myelin sheath. The noted regularities of adsorption and distribution of the silver granules in the impregnated preparations caused a morphologically expressed phenomenon of argentophilia.

[Cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the microvessels of serous membranes]. / Kholinergicheskaia i adrenergicheskaia innervatsiia mikrososudov seroznykh obolochek

The morphological substrate of double (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed of serous coat was studied in cats. The architectonics of both components of the vasomotor innervation in the pericardium, the pleura and the peritoneum was examined by histochemical methods used for revealing the cholinergic (Koelle-Gomori) and the adrenergic (Falck-Hillarp) neutral structures. the quantitative predominance of the elements of adrenergic innervation over the cholinergic ones was revealed in the identical portions of the arterial bed. Vegetative innervation of the terminal arteries and capillaries was unsteady in character and proved to be essentially confined to single synaptic contacts arising along the course of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals. Vegetative innervation of the venous supply including the postcapillary venules and small collecting veins was extremely poor and frequently not found at all.

A histochemical study of vegetative innervation of blood-vessels of serosa.

Research was carried out into the morphological substrate of the dual (sympathetic and parasympathetic) innervation of blood-vessels of the serosa, including the vessels of microcirculatory system. Tests were carried out on total preparations of the pericardium, pleura and peritoneum of dogs and cats. Using histochemical methods to show up adrenergic (Falck-Hillarp's method) and cholinergic (Koelle-Gomori's method) nerve structures the architectonics of both components of vasomotor innervation in various parts of the arterial and venous sytem of the serosa was described a gradient of their saturation with adrenergic and cholinergic innervation structures gradually decrease, the vessels branching out shown and entering the region of the terminal blood supply. Vegetative innervation of the precapillary arterioles and capillaries appears inconsistent and is mainly restricted to single synaptic contacts arising along the route of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals. In vessels of the venus system, including postcapillary venules and small collecting veins, vegetative innervation (adrenergic and cholinergic) invariably appears scanty and frequently can not be detected at all.

An adrenergic component of the nervous apparatus of the aortic reflexogenic zone.

The structural organization of the adrenergic (sympathetic) component of the autonomic innervation of the depressor zone of the cat aortic arch was studied by luminescence microscopy of the catecholamines. A terminal adrenergic plexus, branching extensively in the connective-tissue basis of the depressor area of the aortic arch, was discovered. The participation of vessels supplying blood to the depressor area was established. Adrenergic neurons were found in the territory of the depressor zone of the aortic arch. It is postulated that the adrenergic component of the depressor zone of the aortic arch participates in the peripheral mechanism of the regulatory effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the baroreceptor apparatus.