ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal plan (SP), and suicide attempt (SA) in patients who had survived suicide attempts. METHODS: In a one-year cross-sectional design in Khorasan Razavi province, all suicide attempters who were referred to urban and rural health care centers, hospital's emergency rooms and agreed to participate in the study were included. The previous twelve-month SI, SP and lifelong SA (prior to the current suicide attempt) were obtained. RESULTS: The mean age of 856 included individuals was 24.2±8.3 years. The majority (652,76.4%) were females. Half of them were first-time suicide attempters. The mean age of first SI was 22±7.7; SP 22±7.9; and SA 22.2±8 years. The twelve-month prevalence of SI and SP prior to the current suicide attempt was 30% and 26.7%, respectively. Males, unlettered, wedded, and employees were significantly older at their first time SI, SP, and SA (all p less than 0.001). SI (25,44.6%), SP(25,47.2%) and SA(34,75.6%) were more prevalent in widow/divorced individuals(all p-values less than 0.02). SI (OR=53.4,CI95%=33.6-85) increased the risk of SP, and SP(OR=6.7,CI95%=4.5-9.9) increased the risk of SA. CONCLUSIONS: SI seems to be a more important predictor of suicide compared to SP, however, the fact that a significant number of attempters had not any previous detectable suicidal ideation or plan, indicates particular clinical considerations. We need to have some presuppositions about the factors leading to unplanned and unthoughtful suicide attempts.
Subject(s)
Suicidal Ideation , Suicide, Attempted , Adolescent , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Thinking , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate tear film function in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) using tear film osmolarity (TFO) measurements compared to other tear film function tests. METHODS: DM patients without any history of ocular surface disorder but with potential effects on the tear film were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Data including dry eye symptoms, duration of DM, stage of diabetic retinopathy and blood hemoglobin A1c levels were recorded. Tear film break-up time (TBUT) and basic tear secretion (Schirmer test) were assessed. TFO was determined using the Tearlab Osmolarity System. The outcome measures were the difference between the mean values of TBUT, basic tear secretion and TFO in both the study and control groups. RESULTS: We recruited 51 DM patients and 20 control subjects with a mean age of 51.2 (range, 21 to 70) and 48.5 (range, 24 to 70) years, respectively. A total of 27 patients (53%) and 11 controls (55%) reported dry eye symptoms (p = 0.668). The mean TBUT was 10.2 ± 4.8 seconds in the study group versus 10.5 ± 2.8 seconds in controls, which was not significantly different (p = 0.747). The mean Schirmer test score was 8.1 ± 4.3 mm in the patients versus 10.1 ± 3.0 mm in the controls (p = 0.069). The mean TFO was 294.1 ± 12.9 mosmol/L in the patients versus 291.4 ± 14.5 mosmol/L in the controls (p = 0.456). It was significantly higher in patients with poor glycemic control determined by hemoglobin A1c > 8% (p = 0.003). TFO had a positive correlation with the duration of DM (p = 0.030) but not with the stage of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0.944). However, TFO showed a significant relationship with dry eye symptoms (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TFO is impaired in patients with uncontrolled DM and is better correlated with glycemic control and dry eye symptoms than the TBUT and Schirmer tests.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism , Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism , Dry Eye Syndromes/metabolism , Tears/chemistry , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetic Retinopathy/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis , Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis , Dry Eye Syndromes/etiology , Female , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease is considered as the most common cause of death in all societies including Iran. This study seeks to compare the new risk factors of coronary-artery diseases in obese adolescents and control group. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, amongst the obese adolescents registered in the nutrition clinic of Ghaem Hospital, 80 individuals were selected. As the control group, additional 80 adolescent students having the same gender and age as the obese group, but with normal weight were selected. These two groups were selected randomly and their serum level of vitamin D, anti-heat shock protein27 (HSP27), balance of oxidants and antioxidants, and homocysteine were determined and compared. RESULTS: In this study, 42 (53.2%) and 37 (46.8%) of the obese and normal weight groups were male, respectively. The mean value of triglyceride, cholesterol, and LDL in the obese group was higher than the normal group, but the mean value for HDL, vitamin D, homocysteine, PAB (Preoxidant and Antioxidants Balance), and anti-HSP27 was not significantly different between the groups. In the base of homocysteine >15 µmol/l, 26.6% of the obese group had hyperhomocysteinemia, therefore homocysteine may be a new risk factor for coronary artery disease in obese adolescents (χ(2)=4.072; P value=0.091). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that despite the presence of obesity in adolescence and adolescents, new risk factors are not present among them more than the control group. This was in contrast to what was seen in adults.
