Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, reduces anxiety, enhances memory, and improves brain oxidative stress in d-galactose-induced aging mice.

Gemfibrozil (GFZ) is a lipid-lowering drug with several other effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In the current study, chronic d-galactose treatment (d-gal, 150 mg/kg/day; i.p., 6 weeks) induced a model of accelerated aging in male mice and was used to study the behavioral, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective effects of GFZ (100 mg/kg/day; p.o.). Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed using the elevated plus-maze while working memory was measured by spontaneous alternation in a Y-maze. Brain oxidative stress was determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Neuropathological evaluation of the brain with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining was also performed. The results demonstrated that the anxious-like phenotype and the cognitive impairments observed in d-gal-treated mice could be prevented in those animals coadministered with GFZ. Besides, the decrease in SOD and GPx antioxidant enzymatic activities and increase of MDA levels were also prevented in the brains of d-gal plus GFZ treated mice. Preliminary hematoxylin-eosin staining also suggested neuroprotective effects of GFZ. The results of Masson's trichrome staining showed no evidence of fibrosis in brain sections of different experimental groups. The current data provide novel insights into GFZ in the d-galactose-induced aging mouse model that open promising future research lines to determine inflammatory mediators and cell signaling underlying these effects.

Atorvastatin modulates the expression of aging-related genes in the brain of aging induced by D-galactose in mice.

OBJECTIVES: Atorvastatin (AT), a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase, is a cholesterol-lowering drug. AT has been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we have reported that AT could attenuate the behavioral, renal, and hepatic manifestations of aging. To clarify further the mechanisms involved, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of AT on the expression of some aging-related genes in the brain of aging mice induced by D-galactose (DG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, AT (0.1 and 1 mg/kg/p.o.) was administrated daily in DG-received (500 mg/kg/p.o.) mice model of aging for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, mice were decapitated to remove the brains. Then, the expression profiles of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), P53, P21, Bcl-2, Bax, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), interleukin 1 beta (IL1ß), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed using the real-time PCR method. RESULTS: The present study shows that DG decreases the expression of Sirt1, Bcl-2, CAT, GPx, and BDNF while increasing the expression of P53, P21, Bax, IL-1ß, iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α. According to the findings of the present study, AT (more potentially at the dose of 1 mg/kg) modulates the expression of these aging-related genes in the brain of aging mice. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study confirmed our previous reports on the anti-aging effects of AT at the gene level, the precise mechanisms and underlying pathways need further studies.

A Novel Method for Investigating the Role of Reflux Pattern in Color Doppler Ultrasound for Grading of Varicocele.

Varicocele is the most common correctable cause of infertility. Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) has a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 94% for diagnosing this condition. This study aimed to propose a new pattern of scrotal Doppler for predicting the severity of varicocele. An observational study was conducted from January 2016 to January 2017 on 120 testes units in 60 patients. Scrotal CDUS and semen analysis were done in all participants. Patients were evaluated for reflux pattern, pampiniform venous plexus diameter, and venous reflux time. The ultrasonography parameters and semen analysis data were compared to assess the correlations between the results. The reflux pattern and vein diameters had a significant correlation. Also, a significant correlation was detected between the reflux pattern and reflux time. There was a significant correlation between the reflux pattern and two parameters of semen analysis namely sperm count and its motility. In conclusion, the reflux pattern classification suggested in this study can be used as a useful predictor of varicocele severity and sperm parameters in patients with varicocele.

Tumoral vascular pattern in renal cell carcinoma and fat-poor renal angiomyolipoma as a novel helpful differentiating factor on contrast-enhanced CT scan.

Our objective was to evaluate the differences between tumoral vascular pattern of renal cell carcinoma and fat-poor angiomyolipoma by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. All included patients had a definitive pathological diagnosis of either angiomyolipoma or renal cell carcinoma, and then the contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of these patients were evaluated. The patients who had visible prominent vessels in cross-sectional imaging were selected. The tumor vascular pattern (prominent (>2 mm) intratumoral and peritumoral vessels), density, and diameter of the vessels in renal cell carcinoma and fat-poor angiomyolipoma were evaluated. All cases (n = 12) with fat-poor angiomyolipoma were found to have intratumoral vessels and all cases (n = 36) with clear cell renal cell carcinoma were found to have peritumoral vessels. There was no significant correlation detected between the diameter of tumor and the density as well as diameter of the vessels. In conclusion, the evaluation of the vascular pattern using contrast enhancement contrast-enhanced computed tomography may provide important information that is useful in helping accurate differential diagnosis of fat-poor angiomyolipoma or renal cell carcinoma preoperatively.

Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Pistacia vera against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

PURPOSE: Pistacia vera is a plant of the family Anacardiaceae found in Central and West Asia. P. vera nut (Pistachio) possess multiple pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. This study is designed to evaluate the protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. METHODS: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day for 7 days). Hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/p.o) was administered for 7 days. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated by determining creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, urine volume, urine glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The kidneys were processed for histopathological examinations and all specimens were examined for morphologic parameters involving tubular degeneration, tubular necrosis and tubule interstitial nephritis. RESULTS: Results showed a significant increase in the levels of serum creatinine, urine volume, urine glucose and BUN and decrease of creatinine clearance by gentamicin (GA) administration. Co-administration with pistachio extract showed reduction in the levels of serum creatinine, urine volume, urine glucose and BUN and increase of creatinine clearance in all doses but the most significant alteration was observed in doses of 100 mg/kg. Also, the nephroprotective effect of the GA was confirmed by the histological examination of the kidneys. CONCLUSION: The study revealed the nephroprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio. These findings suggest that pistachio treatment may attenuate renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney.