Engineered Probiotics for the Management of Congenital Metabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Engineered probiotics (EPs) can be used to treat/manage chronic and congenital diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic review has evaluated the effects of EPs on congenital metabolic disorders in murine models and human subjects. Thus, the present study systematically reviewed interventional studies that assessed the effects of EPs on congenital metabolic disorders. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched up to February 2023 to retrieve related publications. Seventy-six articles were obtained in the primary step. After screening the titles/abstracts based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 papers were included. Finally, only seven articles were included after performing full-text evaluation. The included articles evaluated the effects of EPs on managing phenylketonuria (PKU, n=4) and hyperammonemia (n=3). Moreover, these studies examined mice and/or rats (n=6), monkeys (n=1), and humans (n=2). Studies on EPs and hyperammonemia revealed that some wild strains such as Lactobacillus plantarum have an innate ammonia-hyper-consuming potential; thus, there was no need to manipulate them. However, manipulation is needed to obtain a phenylalanine-metabolizing strain. In conclusion, EPs can be used to manage or treat congenital metabolic diseases including PKU.

Effects of green coffee aqueous extract supplementation on glycemic indices, lipid profile, CRP, and malondialdehyde in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background/objectives: Studies have reported the health benefits of green coffee extract (GCE) in experimental models. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether supplementation with GCE improves glycemic indices, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods and study design: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 44 patients (26 male and 18 female) with T2D and overweight/obesity. After blocked randomization, patients received either capsules containing 400 mg GCE twice per day (n = 22) or a placebo (n = 22) and were followed for 10 weeks. In this study, glycemic indices, lipid profiles, anthropometric examinations, blood pressure, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured twice; at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: After 10 weeks of supplementation, GCE supplementation significantly reduced body weight (p = 0.04) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.03) compared to the placebo. The intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis indicated patients in the GCE group had a lower fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration compared to the placebo group; however, this decreasing was marginally significant (8.48 ± 8.41 vs. 1.70 ± 5.82 mg/dL, p = 0.05). There was no significant difference in insulin levels and HOMA-IR between the groups. At the end of the study, significant changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.01), triglyceride (TG) level (p = 0.02), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.001), and TG-to-HDL ratio (p = 0.001) were found between the intervention and placebo groups. Our trial indicated GCE supplementation had no effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or total cholesterol. During the supplementation period, the hs-CRP level significantly decreased in the GCE group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.02). No significant changes were observed in the MDA level between the two groups at the end of the study (p = 0.54). Conclusion: Our findings showed beneficial effects of GCE on SBP, TG, hs-CRP, and HDL levels in patients with T2D and overweight/obesity over a 10-week period of supplementation.Clinical trial registration:https://en.irct.ir/trial/48549, identifier [IRCT20090203001640N18].

Estimation of bioactive peptide content of milk from different species using an in silico method.

This study assessed the bioactive peptides content of milk from different species, including humans, camel, bovine, buffalo, donkey, sheep, goat, and horse. The highest and lowest concentrations of total digestion-resistant peptides were estimated in sheep and human milk. Donkey milk casein contains a higher angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPP-III) inhibitory, DPP-IV inhibitory, and antioxidant peptides. On the other hand, camel whey protein contains the highest ACE-inhibitory peptides. To discover BPs with immunomodulatory and cholesterol-lowering functions, goat milk casein and sheep milk whey protein can be considered, respectively.

The Association between Consumption of Dairy-Originated Digestion Resistant and Bioactive Peptides and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) content of dairy products is suggested to be a significant ingredient for reducing breast cancer (BC) risk. There is no observational study regarding the correlation between BPs and the risk of chronic disease because BPs' content of food items has not been evaluated in any study. The goal of the current study was to assess the association of dairy-originated BPs with BC risk. One hundred thirty-four women with BC and 267 cancer-free controls were selected from referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The development of an in-silico model for estimation of the bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides content of dairy products was done in our previous research. The risk assessment for BPs and BC association was performed across the tertiles of the peptide's intake. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. The negative association of all bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides except for peptides with high hydrophilicity and low bioactivity was seen in all models. In PR-negative subjects only the association of total dairy intake (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.26-1.45; P for trend: 0.276), peptides with low bioactivity (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.16-1.02; P for trend: 0.0.052), antidiabetic peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) and di-peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) were not significant in the final model. Also, no significant association between ER-negative subjects and total dairy intake (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.16-1.07; P for trend: 0.0.068) was noted. Our findings deduced that milk-derived BPs negatively associate with the risk of ER/PR/HER2 negative BC among Iranian women.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.2009884.

Dairy-originated digestion-resistant and bioactive peptides increase the risk of hypertension: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Milk-protein-derived bioactive peptides (BPs) have been proposed as modulators of different regulatory processes involved in blood pressure regulation. Studies on the long-term effects of BPs on blood pressure have not yet been conducted. We aimed to investigate the association of dairy-originated BPs with the risk of hypertension (HTN) in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Cohort Study (TLGS). In this cohort study, 4378 subjects with a mean follow-up period of 3.1 years were included in the final analysis. Dietary intake, physical activity, demographic, and anthropometric data and blood pressure measurements were obtained for all participants. Various types of dairy-originated BPs were determined by an in silico method. High intake of total digestion-resistant and bioactive peptides (OR: 1.31, CI 95%: 1.01-1.70), dipeptides (OR: 1.33, CI 95%: 1.03-1.73), peptides with more than seven residues (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71), glycosylated residues (OR: 1.39, CI 95%: 1.07-1.80), highly hydrophilic peptides (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71), and low hydrophobic peptides (OR: 1.32, CI 95%: 1.01-1.71) was associated with an increased risk of HTN in the adjusted model. In addition, subjects in the higher tertile of anti-HTN peptide (OR: 1.33, CI 95%: 1.02-1.72) and antidiabetic peptide (OR: 1.35, CI 95%: 1.04-1.76) intake had a higher risk of HTN than those in the lower tertile. No significant association emerged between calcium intake from dairy and incident risk of HTN. Our results showed that the intake of some forms of digestion-resistant and BPs, such as anti-HTN peptides, dipeptides, and peptides with more than seven residues, can increase the risk of HTN in the TLGS population.

Association of dietary fatty acids and the incidence risk of cardiovascular disease in adults: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Considering the inconsistent available findings regarding the cardioprotective effect of dietary fatty acid composition, we prospectively examined the feasible association between the dietary fatty acids and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in framework of the population-based Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. METHODS: A total of 2369 participants (19-70 years, 43.5% men) without CVD at baseline (2006-2008) were included and followed-up for 6.7 years. Fatty acids' dietary intake was estimated using a 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The CVD incidence risk across tertiles of dietary fatty acids was predicted via Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: The average age and body mass index of the included population were 38.5 ± 13.3 years and 26.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2 at baseline. Over 6.7 years of follow-up, 79 cases of CVD were detected. The risk of CVD was lower in upper tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid among the tertiles. No significant associations were found between total fat, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids' intake, and CVD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the dietary fatty acid composition might affect the incidence risk of CVD within the Iranian population.

A Prospective Study of Different Types of Dietary Fiber and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that dietary of intake different types of fiber could modify the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a large prospective cohort among Iranian adults. METHODS: In 2006-2008, we used a validated food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary fiber intake among 2295 health professionals with no previous history of heart disease. Subjects were subsequently followed until 2012 for incidence of CVD events. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate the risk of CVD across tertiles of total dietary fiber and different types of fiber. Linear regression models were also used to indicate the association of dietary fiber intakes with changes of cardiovascular risk factors during the follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age of participants (42.8% men) was 38.2 ± 13.4, at baseline. Mean (SD) dietary intake of total fiber was 23.4 (8.9) g/day. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk score and dietary confounders, a significant inverse association was observed between intakes of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber and CVD risk, in the highest compared to the lowest tertiles (HR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18-0.83, HR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.09-0.41, and HR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14-0.69, respectively). Inverse relations were observed between risk of CVD and dietary fiber from legumes, fruits and vegetables; however, dietary fiber intake from grain and nut sources was not related to risk of CVD. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirmed that higher intakes of dietary fiber from different sources is associated with CVD events and modify its major risk-related factors.