ABSTRACT
The extent of the economic burden of malaria and its imposed mechanisms are both relevant to public policy. This paper investigates the economic burden of malaria and household behaviour in relation to the treatment and prevention of the illness in Pakistan. In this regard, data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 360 households using structured questionnaires. The survey results indicate that 23.4% of household members contracted malaria during the three-month reference period. The average per person cost of malaria is estimated at 3116 Pakistani rupees (PKR) (USD 32). The estimated cost of the illness was found to be equivalent to, on average, 6.7% of monthly household income. Although high-income households face a higher financial burden due to better preventive and mitigation measures, the negative consequences hit low-income households harder due to liquidity constraints and poor access to effective treatment. We recommend that malaria control policies be integrated into development and poverty reduction programs.
Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Malaria/drug therapy , Malaria/prevention & control , Choice Behavior , Family Characteristics , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Literacy , Malaria/economics , Pakistan/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
@#The extent of the economic burden of malaria and its imposed mechanisms are both relevant to public policy. This paper investigates the economic burden of malaria and household behaviour in relation to the treatment and prevention of the illness in Pakistan. In this regard, data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 360 households using structured questionnaires. The survey results indicate that 23.4% of household members contracted malaria during the three-month reference period. The average per person cost of malaria is estimated at 3116 Pakistani rupees (PKR) (USD 32). The estimated cost of the illness was found to be equivalent to, on average, 6.7% of monthly household income. Although high-income households face a higher financial burden due to better preventive and mitigation measures, the negative consequences hit low-income households harder due to liquidity constraints and poor access to effective treatment. We recommend that malaria control policies be integrated into development and poverty reduction programs.
ABSTRACT
We investigated the evolution of the Asian francolins, five little known species in the genus Francolinus (Phasianidae). Evolutionary affinities of two of these species, F. gularis (swamp francolin) and F. pondicerianus (grey francolin), has long remained unclear. In contrast, the other three species, F. pintadeanus (Chinese francolin), F. pictus (painted francolin) and F. francolinus (black francolin) have been cast among the "spotted francolins" on a morphological and ecological basis. Previous molecular DNA investigations including Asian francolins mostly relied upon partial gene sequencing of one specimen per species (no more than three species and with the exclusion of F. pictus). Therefore, fundamental questions do persist. What relationship exists among the spotted and the other Asian francolins? What is the geographic origin of the black francolin, the species with the largest distribution range? How did the geological history influence the diversification of francolins across Asia? We sequenced the entire Control Region of the mitochondrial DNA in 228 samples of all five Asian francolin species, which were collected in 16 countries (from East Europe to East Asia). We constructed a molecular phylogeny according to four different procedures. We showed the monophyly of each of the Asian francolins and the spotted group, while that of the entire Asian group was presumed according to a biogeographical model we proposed. The splitting of the genus Francolinus occurred ~17.4 Ma (95% HPD: 13.4-22.1) while the spotted francolins diverged ~10.5 Ma (7.0-14.9). We resolved the most recent common ancestor to painted and black francolin as being in the Indian sub-continent, thus suggesting a westwards adaptive radiation of the latter. In Pakistan, we identified F. f. asiae representatives in the Northern Areas and in the Sindh. The latter represents a relict population of Indian fauna within the Pakistani range of the Great Rann of Kachchh.
Subject(s)
Evolution, Molecular , Galliformes/classification , Genetic Speciation , Phylogeny , Animals , Bayes Theorem , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Galliformes/genetics , Likelihood Functions , Phylogeography , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Cereal crops that have rigid non-cellulose components in the cell wall tissues of leaves and high starch and protein content in grains face limitations in DNA extraction. Advanced molecular genetic techniques such as mapping and marker-assisted selection programs require pure and quick DNA extraction. In this study, we developed methods for isolating high-quality genomic DNA from leaves and seeds of major cereal crops with minor modifications. DNA yields ranged from 300 to 1800 ng for 0.01 g seed or leaf tissue.
Subject(s)
DNA, Plant/isolation & purification , Edible Grain/genetics , Genome, Plant , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Seeds/chemistryABSTRACT
We evaluated the distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) D blood groups in the population of Poonch district in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The blood group phenotypes were detected by the classic slide method. The ABO blood group system in the total sample showed the same trend of prevalence as for the general Indian subcontinent (B > or = O > A > AB). The same trend was found among males, but among females the order of prevalence was different (O B > A > AB). However, the allelic frequencies in both sexes were in the order of O > B > A. The Rh positive and negative distribution trend in both sexes was also similar.
Subject(s)
ABO Blood-Group System/genetics , Gene Frequency/genetics , Genetics, Population , Rh-Hr Blood-Group System/genetics , Blood Grouping and Crossmatching/methods , Female , Humans , India , Male , Pakistan , Phenotype , Prevalence , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
We evaluated the distribution of ABO and Rhesus [Rh] D blood groups in the population of Poonch district in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The blood group phenotypes were detected by the classic slide method. The ABO blood group system in the total sample showed the same trend of prevalence as for the general Indian subcontinent [B >/= O > A > AB]. The same trend was found among males, but among females the order of prevalence was different [O B > A > AB]. However, the allelic frequencies in both sexes were in the order of O > B > A. The Rh positive and negative distribution trend in both sexes was also similar
Subject(s)
Rh-Hr Blood-Group System , Population , Prevalence , Phenotype , ABO Blood-Group SystemABSTRACT
Aposthia (natural circumcision) is the condition of being born without a prepuce. Usually sporadic cases are reported in the medical literature. In this paper for the first time we present the genetic profile of 3 families with aposthia trait and discuss the possible genetics.
Subject(s)
Foreskin/abnormalities , Genes, Recessive/genetics , Genes, Y-Linked/genetics , Hypospadias , Quantitative Trait, Heritable , Circumcision, Male/ethnology , Circumcision, Male/statistics & numerical data , Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Congenital Abnormalities/genetics , Consanguinity , Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data , Genetic Testing , Genetic Variation/genetics , Genetics, Population , Humans , Hypospadias/epidemiology , Hypospadias/genetics , India/ethnology , Islam , Male , Pakistan/epidemiology , Pedigree , Population Surveillance , Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urban Health/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Aposthia [natural circumcision] is the condition of being born without a prepuce. Usually sporadic cases are reported in the medical literature. In this paper for the first time we present the genetic profile of 3 families with aposthia trait and discuss the possible genetics
Subject(s)
Genes, Recessive , Health Surveys , ForeskinABSTRACT
1. Recent evidence from studies in mice lacking the opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor and from experiments using antibodies raised against orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) suggest that this peptide may be involved in morphine tolerance. In the present study we sought to investigate if administration of exogenous OFQ/N would modulate the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine. 2. Rats were treated for 3 days with either saline or morphine (10 mg kg(-1), s.c.) followed, 15 and 75 min later, by two intracerebroventricular injections of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or OFQ/N. The dose of OFQ/N was doubled each day (7.5, 15, 30 nmol). On day 4, rats were tested on a hot plate apparatus before and 30, 60 and 90 min after morphine administration. 3. Repeated OFQ/N treatment did not affect basal nociceptive responses or morphine-induced antinociception. However, the same treatment significantly attenuated the development of morphine tolerance. 4. Since learning and memory could contribute to the development of morphine tolerance, in subsequent studies, we examined the effect of OFQ/N administered in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, where OFQ/N has been shown to block LTP and impair spatial memory. A greater attenuation of morphine tolerance with no alteration of baseline hot plate latency or morphine-induced antinociception was observed when OFQ/N was administered in this area of the rat brain. 5. Taken together, our results demonstrate that OFQ/N may act in the hippocampus to attenuate morphine tolerance.
