ABSTRACT
Renewable energy sources (RESs) have become integral components of power grids, yet their integration presents challenges such as system inertia losses and mismatches between load demand and generation capacity. These issues jeopardize grid stability. To address this, an effective approach is proposed, combining enhanced load frequency control (LFC) (i.e., fuzzy PID- T I λ D µ ) with controlled energy storage systems, specifically controlled redox flow batteries (CRFBs), to mitigate uncertainties arising from RES integration. The optimization of this strategy's parameters is achieved using the crayfish optimization algorithm (COA), known for its global optimization capabilities and balance between exploration and exploitation. Performance evaluation against conventional controllers (PID, FO-PID, FO-(PD-PI)) confirms the superiority of the proposed approach in LFC. Extensive testing under various load disturbances, high renewables penetration, and communication delays ensures its effectiveness in minimizing disruptions. Validation using a standardized IEEE 39-bus system further demonstrates its efficiency in power networks grappling with significant renewables penetration. In summary, this integrated strategy presents a robust solution for modern power systems adapting to increasing renewable energy utilization.
ABSTRACT
In the current power landscape, renewable energy sources (RESs) have assumed a crucial role in satisfying consumer demand. However, as the deployment of renewables increases, certain challenges arise, including issues with system frequency stability, inertia, and damping reduction. To address these concerns, an innovative approach is suggested in this study. The proposed strategy aims to maintain frequency stability in a diverse-source power system that encompasses two interconnected regions incorporating RESs. The proposed strategy comprises a new multi-degree of freedom FOTID controller known as the MDOF-TIλDµN controller in the secondary control loop (SCL) and optimally controlled fuel cells (OFCL) to enhance the system's stability under the effect of renewable energy (RESs) fluctuations. In this context, the gains of the considered strategy (optimal MDOF-TIλDµN in addition to OFCL) have been picked out by using an innovative optimization approach known as the Capuchin search algorithm (CapSA). The statistical tests are used to examine the efficacy of the considered CapSA compared to those of other optimization strategies utilized in previous studies. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed controller in the SCL is verified by contrasting its performance with that of another suggested controller known as MDOF-PIDN as well as other controllers such as PD-IT, PDµN-IλT, 2DOF-TIλDµN, 3DOF-PIDN, 3DOF-TIDN, and 3DOF-PIλDµN. Additionally, grid nonlinearities, including Boiler Dynamics, Generation Rate Constraint, Governor Dead Band, and random communication time delay (CTD), are considered. Moreover, the proposed strategy's performance is verified in the face of system constraints and nonlinearities. Different scenarios are implemented, and the simulation outcomes emphasize the superior performance of the suggested strategy. Therefore, the suggested strategy provides consistent power system adoption wherever it is implemented.
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a novel robust controller for frequency stabilization of electrical systems taken into consideration a high renewable energy sources (RESs) penetration. The suggested controller, robust PID (RPID) controller, is combination of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and a linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) controller. Furthermore, the Improved lightning attachment procedure optimization (ILAPO) technique is applied for determining the optimal setting of the parameters of the introduced RPID controller. A studied power system with RESs is used as a test system to justify the performance of the RPID controller. The superiority of the introduced robust controller is verified through a comparison of its performance under system uncertainties with those of other robust controllers presented in the literature. The results elucidate that the RPID controller can effectually enhance frequency stability and guarantee reliable performance for power grids supplied with high share of renewable energy for all studied scenarios. Consequently, the proposed RPID controller purveys creditable for modern power systems considering RESs.
