Comprehensive overview of how to fade into succinate dehydrogenase dysregulation in cancer cells by naringenin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.

Mitochondrial respiration complexes play a crucial function. As a result, dysfunction or change is intimately associated with many different diseases, among them cancer. The epigenetic, evolutionary, and metabolic effects of mitochondrial complex IΙ are the primary concerns of our review. Provides novel insight into the vital role of naringenin (NAR) as an intriguing flavonoid phytochemical in cancer treatment. NAR is a significant phytochemical that is a member of the flavanone group of polyphenols and is mostly present in citrus fruits, such as grapefruits, as well as other fruits and vegetables, like tomatoes and cherries, as well as foods produced from medicinal herbs. The evidence that is now available indicates that NAR, an herbal remedy, has significant pharmacological qualities and anti-cancer effects. Through a variety of mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, restriction of angiogenesis, and modulation of several signaling pathways, NAR prevents the growth of cancer. However, the hydrophobic and crystalline structure of NAR is primarily responsible for its instability, limited oral bioavailability, and water solubility. Furthermore, there is no targeting and a high rate of breakdown in an acidic environment. These shortcomings are barriers to its efficient medical application. Improvement targeting NAR to mitochondrial complex ΙΙ by loading it on chitosan nanoparticles is a promising strategy.

Synergistic effects of bee venom, hesperidin, and piperine with tamoxifen on apoptotic and angiogenesis biomarker molecules against xerographic MCF-7 injected rats.

Breast cancer ranks as the second leading most significant of mortality for women. Studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of natural compounds in cancer treatment and prevention, either in isolation or in conjunction with chemotherapy. In order to improve Tamoxifen's therapeutic efficacy in in-vivo studies, our research sought to determine the effects of hesperidin, piperine, and bee venom as natural compounds, as well as their combination effect with or without Tamoxifen. First, 132 female albino rats were equally divided into six groups and five subgroups, and breast cancer was induced in the selected groups by xenografting of MCF7 cells. Second, the effect of single and best ratio combinations treatment from previous in vitro studies were selected. Next, tumorous mammary glands were collected for apoptotic and antiapoptotic biomarkers and cell cycle analysis. Single or combined natural products with or without Tamoxifen revealed a significant up-regulation in apoptotic genes Bax and Casp3 and a downregulation of antiapoptotic and angiogenesis genes Bcl-2 and VEGF genes. We found that cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase was exclusively caused by Tamoxifen and/ or hesperidin. However, the cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase is a result of the combination of piperine and bee venom, with or without Tamoxifen by using the flow cytometric technique. Our research concludes that bee venom, hesperidin, and piperine can synergistically enhance to increase Tamoxifen's efficiency in the management of breast cancer.

Impairment of electron transport chain and induction of apoptosis by chrysin nanoparticles targeting succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase in pancreatic and lung cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids may help ameliorate the incidence of the major causes of tumor-related mortality, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and lung cancer, which are predicted to steadily increase between 2020 to 2030. Here we compared the effect of chrysin and chrysin nanoparticles (CCNPs) with 5-fluorouracil (5-FLU) on the activity and expression of mitochondrial complex II (CII) to induce apoptosis in pancreatic (PANC-1) and lung (A549) cancer cells. METHODS: Chrysin nanoparticles (CCNPs) were synthesized and characterized, and the IC50 was evaluated in normal, PANC-1, and A549 cell lines using the MTT assay. The effect of chrysin and CCNPs on CΙΙ activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and mitochondria swelling were evaluated. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry, and expression of the C and D subunits of SDH, sirtuin-3 (SIRT-3), and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) was evaluated using RT-qPCR. RESULTS: The IC50 of CII subunit C and D binding to chrysin was determined and used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment on the activity of SDH with ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Enzyme activity was significantly decreased (chrysin < CCNPs < 5-FLU and CCNPs < chrysin < 5-FLU, respectively), which was confirmed by the significant decrease of expression of SDH C and D, SIRT-3, and HIF-1α mRNA (CCNPs < chrysin < 5-FLU). There was also a significant increase in the apoptotic effects (CCNPs > chrysin > 5-FLU) in both PANC-1 and A549 cells and a significant increase in mitochondria swelling (CCNPs < chrysin < 5-FLU and CCNPs > chrysin > 5-FLU, respectively) than that in non-cancerous cells. CONCLUSION: Treatment with CCNPs improved the effect of chrysin on succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity and expression and therefore has the potential as a more efficient formulation than chemotherapy to prevent metastasis and angiogenesis by targeting HIF-1α in PDAC and lung cancer.

Therapeutic potential of chrysin nanoparticle-mediation inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase and ubiquinone oxidoreductase in pancreatic and lung adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and lung cancer are expected to represent the most common cancer types worldwide until 2030. Under typical conditions, mitochondria provide the bulk of the energy needed to sustain cell life. For that inhibition of mitochondrial complex ΙΙ (CΙΙ) and ubiquinone oxidoreductase with natural treatments may represent a promising cancer treatment option. A naturally occurring flavonoid with biological anti-cancer effects is chyrsin. Due to their improved bioavailability, penetrative power, and efficacy, chitosan-chrysin nano-formulations (CCNPs) are being used in medicine with increasing frequency. Chitosan (cs) is also regarded as a highly versatile and adaptable polymer. The cationic properties of Cs, together with its biodegradability, high adsorption capacity, biocompatibility, effect on permeability, ability to form films, and adhesive properties, are advantages. In addition, Cs is thought to be both safe and economical. CCNPs may indeed be therapeutic candidates in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and lung cancer by blocking succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase.

Impact of anthocyanin on genetic stability in mammary adenocarcinoma-induced mice treated with methotrexate.

BACKGROUND: Genetic instability leads to genome mutations, changes in nucleotide sequences, rearrangements, and gains or losses of part of the chromosomes. This instability can initiate and develop cancer. This study evaluated genomic stability in methotrexate and anthocyanin-treated mammary adenocarcinoma model. Seventy albino mice were divided into seven groups: negative control, anthocyanin, methotrexate, Ehrlich's solid tumor; Ehrlich's solid tumor and methotrexate; Ehrlich's solid tumor and anthocyanin; and Ehrlich's solid tumor, methotrexate, and anthocyanin groups. RESULTS: Tumor weight and size were evaluated. Serum arylesterase activity was low in all the induced tumors and those treated with anthocyanin, methotrexate, or both. Poly[adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] polymerase activity was high, and glutathione S-transferase activity was low in the tumors treated with anthocyanin, methotrexate, or both, compared with that of the untreated tumor. There was an increase in DNA damage in the mice with solid tumors and those injected with methotrexate or methotrexate and anthocyanin, compared with that in the untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in genetic instability and DNA damage in the tumor-bearing mice treated with anthocyanin, with a concomitant increase in nuclear poly[adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose] polymerase activity, compared with those of the untreated group. Anthocyanin exerted positive effects in the treatment of mammary adenocarcinoma.

Balanitoside as a Natural Adjuvant to Gemcitabine in Lung Cancer Experimental Model.

Gemcitabine is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer; however, it has severe side effects. Therefore, we evaluated the anticancer potency of balanitoside, a folk medicine isolated from the edible fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca, using a mouse model of lung cancer induced by Urethane/butylated hydroxytoluene, either alone or in combination with gemcitabine. The results indicated that balanitoside, when administered alone or in combination with gemcitabine, exhibited antitumor activity against lung cancer by reducing tumor incidence, multiplicity, and average tumor size. It also decreased the proliferation of tumor cells, induced apoptosis, triggered cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and caused a marked reduction in cancer stem cell markers, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1) levels, and the CD133 (+ve) cell population. Balanitoside also modulated the levels of oxidative stress markers in lung tissues. The results indicate that balanitoside enhances the antitumor activity of gemcitabine and may represent a natural adjuvant medication for lung cancer.

Study of the inhibitory effects of chrysin and its nanoparticles on mitochondrial complex II subunit activities in normal mouse liver and human fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial complex ΙΙ has a unique biological role owing to its participation in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Our goal was to evaluate the succinate dehydrogenase and ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity of mitochondrial complex II in the presence of chrysin and chrysin-chitosan nanoparticles. Chrysin chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using ultraviolet spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, drug release, and zeta potential. The binding affinity of chrysin to complex II subunits was assessed by molecular docking. The IC50 values were measured in a suspension of mouse mitochondria, and the inhibitory effect of chrysin and chrysin chitosan nanoparticles on mitochondrial complex ΙΙ was determined. RESULTS: The free energy of binding between chrysin and complex ΙΙ subunits A, B, C, and D was -4.9, -5, -8.2, and -8.4 kcal/mol, respectively. The characteristic peak of chrysin was confirmed at 348 nm. The chrysin chitosan nanoparticles contained characteristic bands of both chrysin and chitosan. The crystalline nature of chrysin chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction measurements showing the characteristic Bragg peaks of (11.2°), (32.2°), (19.6°), (27.6°), and (31.96°). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed their spherical shape and an average particle size of 49.7 ± 3.02 nm. Chrysin chitosan nanoparticles showed a burst release within the initial 2 h followed by a steady release at 8 h. Their zeta potential was positive, between +35.5 and +80 mV. The IC50 of chrysin, chitosan nanoparticles, chrysin chitosan nanoparticles, and 5-fluorouracil was 34.66, 184.1, 12.2, and 0.05 µg/mL, respectively, in adult mice liver and 129, 311, 156, and 8.07 µg/mL, respectively, in normal human fibroblasts. When comparing the inhibitory effects on complex ΙΙ activity, application of the IC50 of chrysin, chitosan nanoparticles, chrysin chitosan nanoparticles, and 5-fluorouracil resulted in 40.14%, 90.9%, 86.7%, and 89% decreases in SDH activity and 70.09%, 86.74%, 60.8%, and 80.23% decreases in ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in normal adult mice, but 80.9%, 89.06%, and 90% significant decreases in SDH activity, and 90%, 85%, and 95% decreases in ubiquinone reductase after treatment with chrysin, chrysin chitosan nanoparticles, and 5-fluorouracil, in normal human fibroblasts, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Chrysin and CCNPs exhibit potent inhibitory effects on SDH activity ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity.

Impacts of horseradish peroxidase immobilization onto functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a biocatalyst for dye degradation.

To enhance the dye removal efficiency by natural enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto amine-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide and used as a biocatalyst for the oxidative degradation of acid black-HC dye. The anchored enzyme was characterized by vibrating sample magnetometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda methods, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, Zeta potential, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The Michaelis constant values of free and immobilized HRP were determined to be 4.5 and 5 mM for hydrogen peroxide and 12.5 and 10 mM for guaiacol, respectively. Moreover, the maximum values of free and immobilized HRP were 2.4 and 2 U for H2O2, respectively, and 1.25 U for guaiacol. The immobilized enzyme was thermally stable up to 60°C, whereas the free peroxidase was stable only up to 40°C. In the catalytic experiment, the immobilized HRP exhibited superior catalytic activity compared with that of free HRP for the oxidative decolorization and removal of acid black-HC dye. The influence of experimental parameters such as the catalyst dosage, pH, H2O2 concentration, and temperature on the removal efficiency was investigated. The reaction followed second-order kinetics, and the thermodynamic activation parameters were determined.

Chitosan nanoparticles from Artemia salina inhibit progression of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) isolated from Artemia salina against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both in vitro (HepG2) and in vivo (diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC in rats) and to investigate the involved underlying mechanisms. Administration of CNPs decreased HCC progression as evidenced by (1) induced HepG2 cell death as detected by MTT assay; (2) induced necrosis as indicated by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) red staining, annexin V/7-AAD positive staining (detected by flow cytometry), and upregulated expression of necrosis markers (PARP1 and its downstream target, RIP1 genes), but no effect on apoptosis as revealed by insignificant changes in caspase 3 activity and mRNA levels of Bax and AIF; (3) increased intracellular ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in HepG2; (4) decreased liver relative weight, serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), total bilirubin, and cancer markers (AFP and GGT), number and area of GST-P positive tumor nodules; and (5) reduced oxidative stress (decrease in MDA levels) and increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx enzymes in rat liver. The preventive (pre-treatment) effect of CNPs was better than the therapeutic (post-treatment) effect. Collectively, administration of CNPs inhibited HCC progression in vitro and in vivo, possibly through induction of necrosis, rather than apoptosis, and induction of antioxidant enzyme activities in vivo, but with stimulation of ROS production in vitro. Thus, CNPs could be used as a promise agent for treating HCC after application of further confirmatory clinical trials.

Hesperidin, piperine and bee venom synergistically potentiate the anticancer effect of tamoxifen against breast cancer cells.

Despite advances in cancer treatment, breast cancer remains one of the main life threatening diseases in women. Most anti-breast cancer drugs cause severe health complications and multidrug resistance. Although, some natural products, such as hesperidin (Hes), piperine (Pip) and bee venom (BV), showed anti-breast cancer effect when used separately, their combined effect together or with the anti-cancer drug tamoxifen (Tam) has not yet been studied. Herein, we hypothesized that these three natural products could potentiate the therapeutic effect of Tam when used together. First, we studied the cytotoxic effect of Hes, Pip, and BV on MCF7 and T47D cells using MTT assay and found reasonable IC50 comparable to that of Tam. Second, we checked the effect of all combinations (n = 67 for each cell line, prepared as non-constant ratio from fractions of IC50 of the four compounds) and found enhanced anti-proliferative effects on MCF7 and T47D and synergistic effect, revealed by combination index (CI) values below one. Next, the best 5 combinations with lowest Tam doses and CI but with highest cell death were selected for further molecular analysis in comparison to single-drug treatment. All single- and combined-treated groups showed a significant increase in apoptosis (indicated by upregulated mRNA level of the pro-apoptotic marker Bax and downregulated mRNA level of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2) and a significant decrease in mRNA level of the two breast cancer related receptors EGFR and ERα, with the best effect in combined groups especially that contained the 4 compounds, as compared to vehicle-treated group. Moreover, Pip, BV and all combinations, except Tam + Hes group, arrested MCF7 and T47D in G2/M phase of cell cycle, while Tam and/or Hes caused G0/G1 phase arrest. These results indicate that Hes, Pip and BV synergistically enhance the anti-cancer effect of Tam and could be used as safe adjuvant/vehicle to Tam in treatment of breast cancer after further confirmatory in vivo investigations.

Regulation of hepatic hydroxy methyl glutarate - CoA reductase for controlling hypercholesterolemia in rats.

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor upon developing cardiovascular diseases. This study is aiming to investigate the inhibition role of quercetin on hydroxy methyl glutarate - CoA reductase activity and its gene for attenuating hypercholesterolemia. The kinetic characteristics of HMG-CoA reductase activity were evaluated on extracellular rat liver microsomes. For studying the effect of quercetin by inducing hypercholesterolemia rats by Tyloxapol (i.v.). In addition, rats were treated with different doses of quercetin according to the inhibition constant of this inhibitor. Our results showed that in quercetin rats groups plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL -cholesterol and total lipids levels and hepatic (TBARS) level were significantly decreased as compared with negative control. However, plasma HDL level, hepatic total thiol level, catalase activity and total protein level significantly increased groups as compared with negative control. In addition, HMG-CoA reductase activity was decreased in quercetin groups and this confirmed in gene expression that these groups caused downregulation for HMG-CoA reductase. However, LDL receptor (LDLr) gene expression was upregulated by quercetin. Moreover, histopathological examination of rat liver showed the ameliorative effect of quercetin on hypercholesterolemic effect of triton. In conclusion, quercetin may consider as a new saving candidate for the future development of hypocholesterolemia agents.