Load frequency stabilization of distinct hybrid conventional and renewable power systems incorporated with electrical vehicles and capacitive energy storage.

Maintaining a power balance between generation and demand is generally acknowledged as being essential to maintaining a system frequency within reasonable bounds. This is especially important for linked renewable-based hybrid power systems (HPS), where disruptions are more likely to occur. This paper suggests a prominent modified "Fractional order-proportional-integral with double derivative (FOPIDD2) controller" as an innovative HPS controller in order to navigate these obstacles. The recommended control approach has been validated in power systems including wind, reheat thermal, solar, and hydro generating, as well as capacitive energy storage and electric vehicle. The improved controller's performance is evaluated by comparing it to regular FOPID, PID, and PIDD2 controllers. Furthermore, the gains of the newly structured FOPIDD2 controller are optimized using a newly intended algorithm terms as squid game optimizer (SGO). The controller's performance is compared to benchmarks such as the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and jellyfish search optimization. By comparing performance characteristics such as maximum frequency undershoot/overshoot, and steadying time, the SGO-FOPIDD2 controller outperforms the other techniques. The suggested SGO optimized FOPIDD2 controller was analyzed and validated for its ability to withstand the influence of power system parameter uncertainties under various loading scenarios and situations. Without any complicated design, the results show that the new controller can work steadily and regulate frequency with an appropriate controller coefficient.

Frequency regulation of interconnected hybrid power system with Assimilation of electrical vehicles.

Recent widespread connections of renewable energy resource (RESs) in place of fossil fuel supplies and the adoption of electrical vehicles in place of gasoline-powered vehicles have given birth to a number of new concerns. The control architecture of linked power networks now faces an increasingly pressing challenge: tie-line power fluctuations and reducing frequency deviations. Because of their nature and dependence on external circumstances, RESs are analogous to continually fluctuating power generators. Using a fractional order-based frequency regulator, this work presents a new method for improving the frequency regulation in a two-area interconnected power system. In order to deal with the frequency regulation difficulties of the hybrid system integrated with RES, the suggested controller utilizes the modified form of fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller known as FOI-PDN controller. The new proposed controllers are designed using the white shark optimizer (WSO), a current powerful bioinspired meta heuristic algorithm which has been motivated by the learning abilities of white sharks when actively hunting in the environment. The suggested FOI-PDN controller's performance was compared to that of various control methodologies such as FOPID, and PID. Furthermore, the WSO findings are compared to those of other techniques such as the salp swarm algorithm, sine cosine algorithm and fitness dependent optimizer. The recommended controller and design approach have been tested and validated at different loading conditions and different circumstances, as well as their robustness against system parameter suspicions. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the WSO-based tuned FOI-PDN controller successfully reduces peak overshoot by 73.33%, 91.03%, and 77.21% for region-2, region-1, and link power variation respectively, and delivers minimum undershoot of 89.12%, 83.11%, and 78.10% for both regions and tie-line. The obtained findings demonstrate the new proposed controller's stable function and frequency controlling performance with optimal controller parameters and without the requirement for a sophisticated design process.

Stabilization and tracking control of underactuated ball and beam system using metaheuristic optimization based TID-F and PIDD2-PI control schemes.

In this paper, we propose two different control strategies for the position control of the ball of the ball and beam system (BBS). The first control strategy uses the proportional integral derivative-second derivative with a proportional integrator PIDD2-PI. The second control strategy uses the tilt integral derivative with filter (TID-F). The designed controllers employ two distinct metaheuristic computation techniques: grey wolf optimization (GWO) and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) for the parameter tuning. We evaluated the dynamic and steady-state performance of the proposed control strategies using four performance indices. In addition, to analyze the robustness of proposed control strategies, a comprehensive comparison has been performed with a variety of controllers, including tilt integral-derivative (TID), fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID), integral-proportional derivative (I-PD), proportional integral-derivative (PI-D), and proportional integral proportional derivative (PI-PD). By comparing different test cases, including the variation in the parameters of the BBS with disturbance, we examine step response, set point tracking, disturbance rejection analysis, and robustness of proposed control strategies. The comprehensive comparison of results shows that WOA-PIDD2-PI-ISE and GWO-TID-F- ISE perform superior. Moreover, the proposed control strategies yield oscillation-free, stable, and quick response, which confirms the robustness of the proposed control strategies to the disturbance, parameter variation of BBS, and tracking performance. The practical implementation of the proposed controllers can be in the field of under actuated mechanical systems (UMS), robotics and industrial automation. The proposed control strategies are successfully tested in MATLAB simulation.

Entropy in Education System: Transformation of an Individual Through Meaningful Interactions in a Community of Inquiry.

Every individual is unique and may serve a unique purpose in this life. Education is widely accepted to be the means of transformation of individuals so that they may achieve their unique success or create their own lives. However, not every individual seems to be realizing their true potential. This paper explores the concept of entropy in education system as a force that is usually imagined to oppose realization of potential of an individual during life in this phenomenal world. Alternatively, the same may provide an impetus that is necessary to bring in organization in oneself to realize the hidden potential. A one group Pretest-Posttest quasi-experimental design was used to draw the conclusions on data obtained from participants of workshops in three different modes, viz. face-to-face Pre COVID-19, face-to-face in COVID-19 with SOPs, and online in COVID-19. Realization of an individual's potential was represented as a dependent variable, i.e. transformation in cognition, skills, and attitude while the independent variables taken into account were the meaningful interactions of an individual with peers and advanced learners in a designed environment. It was inferred from the results that transformation in learners' cognition (6-30 %), skills (0-20 %), and attitude (5-32 %) occurred through human discourse, in a community of inquiry.

Sustainable Use of Marble Waste in Industrial Production of Fired Clay Bricks and Its Employment for Treatment of Flue Gases.

In the current study, waste marble powder was utilized to produce lightweight fired clay bricks and in the treatment of flue gases. Marble waste powder used in clay bricks and flue gas treatment was collected from local marble processing plants, and its chemical composition was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray fluorescence. Clay bricks were produced in local fired clay brick kiln by partial replacement (10-40%) of clay with calcined and uncalcined waste marble powder. The temperature in the firing zone of the kiln was 1000-1100 °C. Clay brick properties such as compressive strength, bulk density, porosity, and water absorption were analyzed. Results show that the porosity of clay bricks increases with an increase in marble waste percentage, and due to an increase in porosity, water absorption of clay bricks also increases, while compressive strength and bulk density decrease. Clay bricks with 10% uncalcined marble waste and 20% calcined marble waste satisfy the required Turkish and European compressive strength standard. Marble waste decreases the concentration of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter in flue gases. There is up to 43 and 65% reduction in the concentration of sulfur dioxide and particulate matters, respectively, in flue gases, after treatment with marble waste. The addition of marble waste to clay bricks is an effective and economical solution for waste marble powder management. Furthermore, it can be used for the treatment of flue gases from brick kilns before its addition to clay bricks.

Guillain Barre syndrome in a family: a case report of four siblings.

Although generally a sporadic disease, a few cases of Guillain Barre syndrome clustered in families have been reported. We describe four siblings of a Pakistani family from a consanguineous marriage out of whom two developed definite GBS and two had probable GBS at different times. This suggests that there may be a genetic element in the pathogenesis of at least some forms of Guillain Barre syndrome.