A Systematic Narrative Review on ADIPOQ Gene Variants and its Association with T2DM in the Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing in India, even among young adult individuals. Rare adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants may be predominantly present in Indians and decrease the circulatory levels of APN (Adiponectin). Studies reported that ADIPOQ gene variants were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications in the Indian population. OBJECTIVES: To review the association of specific ADIPOQ gene variants with T2DM and its associated complications. MATERIALS & METHODS: A search of Pubmed, Chinhal, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science databases, and Google Scholar search engine was performed to retrieve articles by using the following keywords; "ADIPOQ and T2DM", "ADIPOQ and India," "ADIPOQ gene variants and T2DM", "ADIPOQ gene variants and T2DM and India", "SNPs of ADIPOQ gene and T2DM", "SNPs of ADIPOQ gene and India," SNPs of ADIPOQ gene and T2DM and India". Eligibility criteria for the inclusion of articles: Original, Case-Control Study, and Full-Text articles were published in the English language till the end of April 2023. RESULTS: A total of 540 articles were retrieved. Out of this, only 18 articles were found suitable to include in this systematic narrative review. The most studied ADIPOQ gene variants were found to be +10211T/G (rs17846866), +45T/G (rs2241766), and +276G/T (rs1501299) in different Indian populations. CONCLUSION: It was reviewed that ADIPOQ gene variants +10211T/G (rs17846866), +45T/G (rs2241766), and +276G/T (rs1501299) were predominantly present in the Indian population, and decreasing the circulatory levels of APN and significantly associated with T2DM and its complications.

Liquid chromatographic methods for the analysis of canagliflozin: concise overview and greener assessment.

There is a pressing need for the development of greener liquid chromatographic bioanalytical methods for antidiabetic drugs for plasma monitoring and revisiting patients' dosage regimens. Besides, analytical methods are also needed for the quality assurance of finished drug products and regulatory approval. Therefore, the present review focuses on the reported liquid chromatographic methods (LC and LC-MS/MS) that are applied for quality control, forced degradation, and pharmacokinetic studies of a newer antidiabetic agent, canagliflozin (CNG). These reported studies are summarized based on liquid chromatographic separation parameters, such as column dimensions, mobile-phase compositions, flow rate, and use of different detection systems (UV, PDA, and mass spectrometry). The sample pretreatment of biological fluids, which is important for minimizing the matrix effect, is dealt with separately. Liquid-liquid extraction was found to be the most preferred methodology adopted for sample pretreatment followed by the solid-phase extraction technique. However, miniaturized novel pretreatment methods are untraceable in the literature for the extraction of CNG. Special emphasis is paid to the assessment of the greenness profiles of the reported analytical methods for the consideration of sustainable development and green analytical chemistry. Based on the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI) assessment tool, most of the reported studies fulfilled around half of the parameters and were found to be about 50% greener. It is proposed that toxic or hazardous solvents, such as acetonitrile or methanol, should be replaced with greener and environmentally friendly solvents. Thus, there is a need to develop more robust, efficient, and greener liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of CNG in biological fluids and drug products.

Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum ß-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates and Their Antibiotic Resistance Profile in Health Care-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in North India.

Background Healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (HAUTIs) caused by gram-negative pathogens have emerged as a global concern. So far, little is known about the epidemiology of extended-spectrum ß lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in HAUTIs in India. The study was carried to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern and ESBL-producing genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains isolated from HAUTIs in a tertiary institute in North India. Methods A total of 200 consecutive, nonduplicate clinical isolates of E. coli and 140 isolates of K. pneumoniae from hospitalized patients with UTI were collected during a period of 1 year. Strains were studied for the presence of ESBL genes (blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M2, blaCTX-M9, blaCTX-M15, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaVEB, blaPER-2, and blaGES) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction using gene-specific primers. Results ESBL was detected in 82.5% (165 out of 200) isolates of E. coli and 74.3% (104 out of 140) isolates of K. pneumoniae by phenotypic confirmatory testing. From 269 phenotypically positive ESBL isolates, blaTEM (49.4%) was the most common genotype followed by blaCTX-M1 (31.97%), blaOXA-1 (30.1%), and blaSHV(11.9%) either alone or in combination. In the present study, blaCTX-M-15 (84.89%) was the most common blaCTX-M1-type ESBL. In total, 2.6 and 5.2% of the isolates were positive for PER-2 and VEB genes, respectively. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on ESBL resistance patterns and ESBL-producing genes in HAUTIs in North India. Our study reports high occurrence with ESBL types CTX-M-1, CTX-M-15, TEM, and SHV. Minor ESBL variants OXA-1, VEB-type, and PER-2-type ß-lactamase are also emerging in HAUTIs infections in North India.

Low concentrated phosphorus sorption in aqueous medium on aragonite synthesized by carbonation of seashells: Optimization, kinetics, and mechanism study.

Phosphorus (P) concentration beyond threshold limit can trigger eutrophication in stagnant water bodies nevertheless it is an indispensable macronutrient for aquatic life. Even in low P concentration (≤1 mg L-1), P can be detrimental for ecosystem's health, but this aspect has not been thoroughly investigated. The elimination of low P content is rather expensive or complex. Therefore, a unique and sustainable approach has been proposed in which valorized bivalve seashells can be used for the removal of low P content. Initially, acicular shaped aragonite particles (~21 µm) with an aspect ratio of around 21 have been synthesized through the wet carbonation process and used to treat aqueous solutions containing P in low concentration (P ≤ 1 mg L-1). Response surface methodology based Box-Behnken design has been employed for optimization study which revealed that with aragonite dosage (140 mg), equilibrium pH (~10.15), and temperature (45 °C), a phosphorus removal efficiency of ~97% can be obtained in 10 h. The kinetics and isotherm studies have also been carried out (within the range P ≤ 1 mg L-1) to investigate a probable removal mechanism. Also, aragonite demonstrates higher selectivity (>70%) towards phosphate with coexisting anions such as nitrate, chloride, sulfate, and carbonate. Through experimental data, elemental mapping, and molecular dynamic simulation, it has been observed that the removal mechanism involved a combination of electrostatic adsorption of Ca2+ ions on aragonite surface and chemical interaction between the calcium and phosphate ions. The present work demonstrates a sustainable and propitious potential of seashell derived aragonite for the removal of low P content in aqueous solution along with its unconventional mechanistic approach.

Aggravation of Human Diseases and Climate Change Nexus.

For decades, researchers have debated whether climate change has an adverse impact on diseases, especially infectious diseases. They have identified a strong relationship between climate variables and vector's growth, mortality rate, reproduction, and spatiotemporal distribution. Epidemiological data further indicates the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases post every single extreme weather event. Based on studies conducted mostly between 1990-2018, three aspects that resemble the impact of climate change impact on diseases are: (a) emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, (b) impact of extreme weather events, and (c) social upliftment with education and adaptation. This review mainly examines and discusses the impact of climate change based on scientific evidences in published literature. Humans are highly vulnerable to diseases and other post-catastrophic effects of extreme events, as evidenced in literature. It is high time that human beings understand the adverse impacts of climate change and take proper and sustainable control measures. There is also the important requirement for allocation of effective technologies, maintenance of healthy lifestyles, and public education.

Environmental benign synthesis, characterization and mechanism studies of green calcium hydroxide nano-plates derived from waste oyster shells.

Continuous dumping of oyster shells in open fields has been a global issue, causing serious problems in the water and human health. The conversion of those wastes into value-added products is highly desirable. Here, Green Calcium Hydroxide Nano-plates (GCHNPs) were first synthesized from waste oyster shells by a chemical precipitation method in an aqueous medium at 90 °C without using any additives. The crystal structure with a hexagonal portlandite (Ca(OH)2) was observed by both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The crystal size of around 350-450 nm and specific surface area with 4.96 m2g-1 were confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), respectively. In addition, a schematically organized new qualitative model for a mechanism was proposed to explain the genesis and evolution of GCHNPs from raw oyster shells.