ABSTRACT
Pulmonary Artery Aneur ysm (PAA), whether congenital or acquired, is a rare diagnostic find ing com pare d to aor tic aneur ysms. There have been fe w cases where PA As were documented as a complication of untreated Patent Ductus Ar teriosus (PDA) due to long-standing Pulmonary Arterial H ypertension (PAH). However, it is quite rare for a case of PAA to be reported with co-existing PDA without PAH. This report highlights a case of a five -year-old girl who was presented with palpitations, easy fatigability, fever, c yanos is, and vomiting. A Chest X-ray s howed mo derate cardiomega ly. A PDA of 6 mm was diagnosed on Transthoracic E chocardiog rap hy ( TTE ) and a large cavity con necte d with LPA raised suspicion of a possible LPA aneur ysm. A Chest CT scan confirm ed the diagnosis of a saccular aneurysm, originating from the distal part of the main Left Pulmonary Artery (LPA) just proximal to the point of bifurcation into lobar branches, measuring 7.5x6.5 cm. During surgery, the aneurysm was opened, emptied with suction and closed without resecting the aneur ysmal walls. The patient had an uneventful post-op course and is doing well during regular interval follow up visits.
Subject(s)
Aneurysm , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent , Vascular Malformations , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Aneurysm/complications , Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging , Aneurysm/surgery , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/diagnosis , Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Artery/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Vascular Malformations/complicationsABSTRACT
This paper describes consensus control of multi-agent systems (MAS) with input and communication delay in the frequency domain. Each agent of MAS is a linear continuous-time system. The considered linear dynamic model of each agent involves multiple input delays. An H2 controller is proposed for optimal performance and robustness of the MAS. The internal stability approach is employed to compute the H2 controller and the performance index of the overall MAS. A sufficient criterion is derived for gain and delay margin to reach convergence. The simulation paradigm shows the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
