Electrochemical detection of nalbuphine drug using oval-like ZnO nanostructure-based sensor.

Monitoring pharmaceutical drugs in various mediums is crucial to mitigate adverse effects. This study presents a chemical sensor using an oval-like zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure for electrochemical detection of nalbuphine. The ZnO nanostructure, produced via an efficient sol-gel technique, was extensively characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectrophotometry, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A slurry of the ZnO nanostructure in a binder was applied to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The sensor's responsiveness to nalbuphine was assessed using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), achieving optimal performance by fine-tuning the pH. The sensor demonstrated a proportional response to nalbuphine concentrations up to 150.0 nM with a good regression coefficient (R2) and a detection limit of 6.20 nM (S/N ratio of 3). Selectivity was validated against various interfering substances, and efficacy was confirmed through real sample analysis, highlighting the sensor's successful application for nalbuphine detection.

Long COVID-19 Syndrome: Insights From a Major Tertiary Center in the UK on Who Is at Greater Risk.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered the unprecedented 'long COVID' crisis, with persistent symptoms beyond two months post-infection. This study explores the nexus between long COVID symptoms, patient demographics such as age, gender, and smoking, and clinical factors like vaccination, disease severity, and comorbidities. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of records was conducted between September 2021 and December 2022. The analysis covered adults with confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses. Data encompassed demographics, medical history, vaccination, disease severity, hospitalization, treatments, and post-COVID symptoms, analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 289 participants, the average age was 51.51 years. Around 62.6% were females, and 93% received the COVID-19 vaccination, i.e., primarily the mRNA vaccine (48.4%) and the adenovirus vector-based vaccine (34.8%). Reinfections occurred in 11.76% of cases. Disease severity varied, with 75% having mild, 15% having moderate, and 10% having severe infections. Hospitalization rates were significant (25.6%), including 10.7% requiring intensive care. Thirteen distinct post-COVID symptoms were reported. Fatigue, shortness of breath upon exertion, and brain fog emerged as the most prevalent symptoms. Notably, females exhibited higher symptom prevalence. Significant correlations were established between higher BMI and smoking with augmented symptomatology. Conversely, a link between booster doses and symptom reduction was discerned. Using multinomial regression analysis, gender and smoking were identified as predictors of post-COVID-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION: The study underscores obesity, smoking, and the female gender's impact on long COVID symptoms; boosters show promise in alleviation. Respiratory pathology might underlie persistent symptoms in cases with radiological abnormalities and abnormal spirometry. Findings contribute to risk stratification, intervention strategies, and further research.

Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in preventing metachronous gastric cancer and preneoplastic lesions. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer. Recent trials show eradication decreases the incidence of gastric cancer in patients with early-stage gastric cancer. However, data on gastric cancer prevention are inconsistent for patients with precancerous lesions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in gastric cancer prevention in patients with varying risk factors for gastric cancer at baseline. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched from inception through March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying H. pylori eradication on gastric cancer prevention. We estimated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome using a random-effects model. P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Nine RCTs with total of 6967 patient were included in the analysis. There was significant reduction in gastric cancer incidence in the H. pylori group for patients with early gastric cancer status post endoscopic mucosal resection OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.67; P < 0.0001; I = 0%. There was no difference in gastric cancer incidence in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at baseline for H. pylori arm OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.42-1.07; P = 0.09; I = 0%). Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia improved from baseline in the H. pylori arm compared to placebo OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.41-4.81; P = 0.002; I = 88 and OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.66-4.11; P ≤ 0.0001; I = 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori eradication is associated with reduced gastric cancer incidence in patients with early-stage gastric cancer and improvement in atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. There was no difference in gastric cancer incidence in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at baseline.

Isolated peripancreatic necrosis (PPN) is associated with better clinical outcomes compared with combined pancreatic and peripancreatic involvement (CPN)- a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Peripancreatic necrosis (PPN) is considered as a distinct entity with a better outcome when compared with combined pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis (CPN), but there is no systematic review to summarize the evidence. Our study aimed to perform a meta-analysis of existing observational studies comparing the outcomes of PPN with CPN. METHODS: Studies in adult patients comparing the outcomes of PPN and CPN from PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases from inception to November 2018 were systematically searched. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes included multi-organ failure, persistent organ failure, infected necrosis, need for interventions including open necrosectomy. Pooled adjusted odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by the random-effects model. Forrest plots were constructed to show the summary pooled estimate. Heterogeneity was assessed by using I2 measure of inconsistency. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies involving 1851 patients (1295 (70%) with CPN and 556 (30%) with PPN) were included. Patients with CPN had a significantly higher mortality (OR 2.49, 95% CI: 1.61-3.87), risk for multi-organ failure (OR 3.24, 95% CI: 2.38-4.43), persistent organ failure (OR 2.79, 95% CI: 1.53-5.08), and infected necrosis (OR 6.21, 95% CI: 3.85-10.03). They underwent more interventions (OR 5.86, 95% CI: 3.69-9.32), including open necrosectomy (OR 5.04, 95% CI: 3.33-7.63). Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 18.1, p = 0.296), and there was no publication bias. CONCLUSION: Isolated peripancreatic necrosis portends an overall better prognosis when compared to necrosis involves pancreatic parenchyma. Clinicians should recognize this distinction for management decisions.

Supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio causing Nephropathy: A Rare Adverse Effect of Warfarin.

There are many common causes of nephropathy (abnormal pathology of kidneys) such as diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune, and drugs. Amongst the drugs, warfarin has recently been recognized to cause nephropathy in rare cases. Warfarin-related nephropathy (WRN) is clinically defined as an increase in serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dl within one week of international normalized ratio (INR) being greater than 3. A 61-year-old male was referred by his primary care physician (PCP) for having complaints of elevated creatinine associated with hematuria for one month. On evaluation with computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen/pelvis, it was revealed that he had small non-obstructing stones. The creatinine had increased from a baseline of 2.03 mg/dl to 6.8 mg/dl. Hemoglobin (Hb) had decreased from a baseline of 12.8 gm/dl to 8.1 gm/dl, the INR was 3.52. On subsequent days, the patient's renal function did not improve with fluids and supportive measures. Workup was unremarkable; therefore, a kidney biopsy was done. The biopsy specimen concluded the diagnosis of WRN. The patient was started on prednisone without any effect and then intermittent hemodialysis. Our case highlights the rare instance in which the cause of nephropathy is warfarin. If an early diagnosis had been made, the patient might have had a better prognosis; therefore, it is essential to have a high index of clinical suspicion when a patient presents with supratherapeutic INR and acute kidney injury (AKI) not getting better.

Tolvaptan-induced Liver Injury: Who is at Risk? A Case Report and Literature Review.

Hyponatremia is a common clinical condition encountered in the hospital setting. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is an important and one of the most common causes of hyponatremia. SIADH accounts for approximately one-third of all cases of hyponatremia. Tolvaptan is a vasopressin receptor antagonist used to treat SIADH. Hepatoxicity is a rare yet dangerous side effect from Tolvaptan use. We present a case of cholestatic liver injury in an elderly female who presented with hyponatremia. She received two doses of tolvaptan 15mg and developed worsening in her total bilirubin (T Bili) and alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos) levels. Tolvaptan is known to cause elevated transaminase levels and the mechanism of action is thought to be idiosyncratic. Fortunately, the patient responded with an improvement in T Bili and Alk Phos levels after stopping tolvaptan. This case highlights the cautious use of tolvaptan in elderly patients with SIADH as even small doses can potentiate hepatotoxicity.

The promising role of probiotic and synbiotic therapy in aminotransferase levels and inflammatory markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and multifactorial. There is growing evidence that altered gut microbiota plays a key role in NAFLD progression. Probiotics/synbiotics, by modifying gut microbiota, may be a promising treatment choice for NAFLD management. AIM: The aim of this study was to study the effect of probiotics/synbiotics on various laboratory and radiographic parameters in NAFLD management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for randomized-controlled trials that studied the role of probiotics/synbiotics in NAFLD. The primary outcome was change in baseline alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the treatment arm. We used a random-effects model and inverse variance for the continuous data to estimate the mean difference (MD) and the standard mean difference (SMD) in RevMan Version 5.3. RESULTS: We included 12 randomized-controlled trials for analysis. The intervention arm, which comprised of the probiotic and/or the synbiotic arm, showed a significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase levels, MD=-13.93, confidence interval (CI)=-20.20 to -7.66, P value of less than 0.0001, I=92% and aspartate aminotransferase levels MD=-11.45, CI=-15.15 to -7.74, P value of less than 0.00001, I=91%. There was a reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in the intervention arm, SMD=-0.68, CI=-1.10 to -0.26, P value of 0.001, I=0%. The liver fibrosis score improved in the intervention arm, MD=-0.71, CI=-0.81 to -0.61, P value less than 0.00001, I=0%. CONCLUSION: Probiotic/synbiotic use improves aminotransaminase levels and reduces proinflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients.

Comparing fecal microbiota transplantation to standard-of-care treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a treatment option for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI) is well established. Various studies have used different forms and administration routes for FMT. We performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to update the clinical knowledge about different FMT modalities for curing rCDI compared with medical treatment (MT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We searched PubMed and Medline from inception through 10 May 2018 for randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing FMT (fresh or frozen) versus MT. We used Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool to assess bias in the RCTs. We estimated odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome using a random effects model. P values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: We included seven RCTs comprising a total of 543 patients with recurrent CDI. There was a nonsignificant trend toward resolution of diarrhea following a single fresh FMT infusion compared with frozen FMT and MT (OR=2.45, 95% CI=0.78-7.71, P=0.12, I=69%). Subgroup analysis of fresh FMT vs. frozen FMT showed no difference between the two groups (OR=2.13, 95% CI=0.22-20.41, P=0.51, I=61%). Frozen FMT infusion through upper route versus lower route showed no difference (OR=0.62, 95% CI=0.15-2.54, P=0.51, I=0%). There was a nonsignificant trend favoring multiple treatments with FMT versus multiple courses of MT (OR=3.68, 95% CI=0.74-18.22, P=0.11, I=0%). CONCLUSION: FMT is a promising treatment modality for rCDI compared with MT alone. Different forms and routes of FMT administration seem to be equally efficacious. In future, more well-designed RCTs directed at homogenous FMT preparation and delivery methods are required to validate these findings.

Reduction in postpercutaneous coronary intervention angina in addition to gastrointestinal events in patients on combined proton pump inhibitors and dual antiplatelet therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a standard treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Studies have shown that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can potentially attenuate the antiplatelet effects of P2Y12 inhibitors with associated adverse cardiovascular outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medline was searched using Pubmed from inception to 8 November 2017 for randomized control trials studying the effect of PPIs on coronary artery disease with concomitant use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Overall, 692 studies were identified of which five randomized control trials were included. Statistical analysis was done using RevMan, version 5.3. RESULTS: Five studies with 6239 patients (3113 on PPI with DAPT and 3126 with only DAPT) were included. Our analysis showed that PPI significantly reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) bleed [22 vs. 66, odds ratio (OR)=0.37, confidence interval (CI)=0.23-0.61, P≤0.0001, I=0%], GI ulcers and GI erosions (7 vs. 18, OR=0.39, CI=0.16-0.94, P=0.04, I=0%), and the incidence of post-PCI unstable angina in patients treated with PPI and P2Y12 agents (46 vs. 67, OR=0.67, CI=0.45-0.99, P=0.05, I=0%). There was an insignificant difference in myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular cause of mortality. A trend toward decreased all-cause mortality with PPIs was noted. Heterogeneity was calculated using I. CONCLUSION: Concomitantly administered PPIs with P2Y12 inhibitors have a protective effect on the GI events. It also decreases the post-PCI angina without increased adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Synergistic use of biochar, compost and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for enhancing cucumber growth under water deficit conditions.

BACKGROUND: Limited information is available about the effectiveness of biochar with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and compost. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biochar in combination with compost and PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescens) for alleviating water deficit stress. Both inoculated and un-inoculated cucumber seeds were sown in soil treated with biochar, compost and biochar + compost. Three water levels - field capacity (D0), 75% field capacity (D1) and 50% field capacity (D2) - were maintained. RESULTS: The results showed that water deficit stress significantly suppressed the growth of cucumber; however, synergistic use of biochar, compost and PGPR mitigated the negative impact of stress. At D2, the synergistic use of biochar, compost and PGPR caused significant increases in shoot length, shoot biomass, root length and root biomass, which were respectively 88, 77, 89 and 74% more than in the un-inoculated control. Significant improvements in chlorophyll and relative water contents as well as reduction in leaf electrolyte leakage demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach. Moreover, the highest population of P. fluorescens was observed where biochar and compost were applied together. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that application of biochar with PGPR and/or compost could be an effective strategy for enhancing plant growth under stress. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of PAH contamination in soil treated with solid by-products from shale pyrolysis.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils to which solid shale materials (SSMs) were added as soil conditioners. The SSMs were derived from the Petrosix pyrolysis process developed by Petrobras (Brazil). An improved ultrasonic agitation method was used to extract the PAHs from the solid samples (soils amended with SSMs), and the concentrations of the compounds were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure provided satisfactory recoveries, detection limits, and quantification limits. The two-, three-, and four-ring PAHs were most prevalent, and the highest concentration was obtained for phenanthrene (978 ± 19 µg kg(-1) in a pyrolyzed shale sample). The use of phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene ratios revealed that the PAHs were derived from petrogenic rather than pyrogenic sources. The measured PAH concentrations did not exceed national or international limit values, suggesting that the use of SSMs as soil conditioners should not cause environmental damage.