Large-Scale Proteomics in Early Pregnancy and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Importance: There is no consensus regarding the best method for prediction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Objective: To determine predictive ability in early pregnancy of large-scale proteomics for prediction of HDP. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a nested case-control study, conducted in 2022 to 2023, using clinical data and plasma samples collected between 2010 and 2013 during the first trimester, with follow-up until pregnancy outcome. This multicenter observational study took place at 8 academic medical centers in the US. Nulliparous individuals during first-trimester clinical visits were included. Participants with HDP were selected as cases; controls were selected from those who delivered at or after 37 weeks without any HDP, preterm birth, or small-for-gestational-age infant. Age, self-reported race and ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes, health insurance, and fetal sex were available covariates. Exposures: Proteomics using an aptamer-based assay that included 6481 unique human proteins was performed on stored plasma. Covariates were used in predictive models. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prediction models were developed using the elastic net, and analyses were performed on a randomly partitioned training dataset comprising 80% of study participants, with the remaining 20% used as an independent testing dataset. Primary measure of predictive performance was area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: This study included 753 HDP cases and 1097 controls with a mean (SD) age of 26.9 (5.5) years. Maternal race and ethnicity were 51 Asian (2.8%), 275 non-Hispanic Black (14.9%), 275 Hispanic (14.9%), 1161 non-Hispanic White (62.8% ), and 88 recorded as other (4.8%), which included those who did not identify according to these designations. The elastic net model, allowing for forced inclusion of prespecified covariates, was used to adjust protein-based models for clinical and demographic variables. Under this approach, no proteins were selected to augment the clinical and demographic covariates. The predictive performance of the resulting model was modest, with a training set AUC of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.61-0.67) and a test set AUC of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.68). Further adjustment for study site yielded only minimal changes in AUCs. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case-control study with detailed clinical data and stored plasma samples available in the first trimester, an aptamer-based proteomics panel did not meaningfully add to predictive utility over and above clinical and demographic factors that are routinely available.

Elevated Blood Pressure in Pregnancy and Long-Term Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between elevated blood pressure (BP) in the early third trimester and cardiometabolic health 10-14 years after delivery. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis from the prospective HAPO FUS (Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study). Blood pressure in the early third trimester was categorized per American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association thresholds for: normal BP below 120/80 mm Hg (reference), elevated BP 120-129/below 80 mm Hg, stage 1 hypertension 130-139/80-89 mm Hg, and stage 2 hypertension 140/90 mm Hg or higher. Cardiometabolic outcomes assessed 10-14 years after the index pregnancy were type 2 diabetes mellitus and measures of dyslipidemia, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 130 mg/dL or higher, total cholesterol 200 mg/dL or higher, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 40 mg/dL or lower, and triglycerides 200 mg/dL or higher. Adjusted analysis was performed with the following covariates: study field center, follow-up duration, age, body mass index (BMI), height, family history of hypertension and diabetes, smoking and alcohol use, parity, and oral glucose tolerance test glucose z score. RESULTS: Among 4,692 pregnant individuals at a median gestational age of 27.9 weeks (interquartile range 26.6-28.9 weeks), 8.5% (n=399) had elevated BP, 14.9% (n=701) had stage 1 hypertension, and 6.4% (n=302) had stage 2 hypertension. At a median follow-up of 11.6 years, among individuals with elevated BP, there was a higher frequency of diabetes (elevated BP: adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.88, 95% CI, 1.06-3.35; stage 1 hypertension: aRR 2.58, 95% CI, 1.62-4.10; stage 2 hypertension: aRR 2.83, 95% CI, 1.65-4.95) compared with those with normal BP. Among individuals with elevated BP, there was a higher frequency of elevated LDL cholesterol (elevated BP: aRR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.03-1.57; stage 1 hypertension: aRR 1.22, 95% CI, 1.02-1.45, and stage 2 hypertension: aRR 1.38, 95% CI, 1.10-1.74), elevated total cholesterol (elevated BP: aRR 1.27, 95% CI, 1.07-1.52; stage 1 hypertension: aRR 1.16, 95% CI, 1.00-1.35; stage 2 hypertension: aRR 1.41 95% CI, 1.16-1.71), and elevated triglycerides (elevated BP: aRR 2.24, 95% CI, 1.42-3.53; stage 1 hypertension: aRR 2.15, 95% CI, 1.46-3.17; stage 2 hypertension: aRR 3.24, 95% CI, 2.05-5.11) but not of low HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The frequency of adverse cardiometabolic outcomes at 10-14 years after delivery was progressively higher among pregnant individuals with BP greater than 120/80 in the early third trimester.

Proteomic analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness for prediction of mortality and multisystem disease risks.

Despite the wide effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on metabolic, cardiovascular, pulmonary and neurological health, challenges in the feasibility and reproducibility of CRF measurements have impeded its use for clinical decision-making. Here we link proteomic profiles to CRF in 14,145 individuals across four international cohorts with diverse CRF ascertainment methods to establish, validate and characterize a proteomic CRF score. In a cohort of around 22,000 individuals in the UK Biobank, a proteomic CRF score was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (unadjusted hazard ratio 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.48-0.52) per 1 s.d. increase). The proteomic CRF score was also associated with multisystem disease risk and provided risk reclassification and discrimination beyond clinical risk factors, as well as modulating high polygenic risk of certain diseases. Finally, we observed dynamicity of the proteomic CRF score in individuals who undertook a 20-week exercise training program and an association of the score with the degree of the effect of training on CRF, suggesting potential use of the score for personalization of exercise recommendations. These results indicate that population-based proteomics provides biologically relevant molecular readouts of CRF that are additive to genetic risk, potentially modifiable and clinically translatable.

Clusters of multidimensional exercise response patterns and estimated heart failure risk in the Framingham Heart Study.

AIMS: New tools are needed to identify heart failure (HF) risk earlier in its course. We evaluated the association of multidimensional cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) phenotypes with subclinical risk markers and predicted long-term HF risk in a large community-based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 2532 Framingham Heart Study participants [age 53 ± 9 years, 52% women, body mass index (BMI) 28.0 ± 5.3 kg/m2, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) 21.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2 in women, 26.4 ± 6.7 kg/m2 in men] who underwent maximum effort CPET and were not taking atrioventricular nodal blocking agents. Higher peak VO2 was associated with a lower estimated HF risk score (Spearman correlation r: -0.60 in men and -0.55 in women, P < 0.0001), with an observed overlap of estimated risk across peak VO2 categories. Hierarchical clustering of 26 separate CPET phenotypes (values residualized on age, sex, and BMI to provide uniformity across these variables) identified three clusters with distinct exercise physiologies: Cluster 1-impaired oxygen kinetics; Cluster 2-impaired vascular; and Cluster 3-favourable exercise response. These clusters were similar in age, sex distribution, and BMI but displayed distinct associations with relevant subclinical phenotypes [Cluster 1-higher subcutaneous and visceral fat and lower pulmonary function; Cluster 2-higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV); and Cluster 3-lower CFPWV, C-reactive protein, fat volumes, and higher lung function; all false discovery rate < 5%]. Cluster membership provided incremental variance explained (adjusted R2 increment of 0.10 in women and men, P < 0.0001 for both) when compared with peak VO2 alone in association with predicted HF risk. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated CPET response patterns identify physiologically relevant profiles with distinct associations to subclinical phenotypes that are largely independent of standard risk factor-based assessment, which may suggest alternate pathways for prevention.

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Enrollment and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Nulliparous Individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between changes in Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) enrollment during pregnancy from 2016 to 2019 and rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes in U.S. counties in 2019. METHODS: We conducted a serial, cross-sectional ecologic study at the county level using National Center for Health Statistics natality data from 2016 to 2019 of nulliparous individuals eligible for WIC. The exposure was the change in county-level WIC enrollment from 2016 to 2019 (increase [more than 0%] vs no change or decrease [0% or less]). Outcomes were adverse pregnancy outcomes assessed in 2019 and included maternal outcomes (ie, gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM], hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, intensive care unit [ICU] admission, and transfusion) and neonatal outcomes (ie, large for gestational age [LGA], small for gestational age [SGA], preterm birth, and neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] admission). RESULTS: Among 1,945,914 deliveries from 3,120 U.S. counties, the age-standardized rate of WIC enrollment decreased from 73.1 (95% CI, 73.0-73.2) per 100 live births in 2016 to 66.1 (95% CI, 66.0-66.2) per 100 live births in 2019, for a mean annual percent change decrease of 3.2% (95% CI, -3.7% to -2.9%) per year. Compared with individuals in counties in which WIC enrollment decreased or did not change, individuals living in counties in which WIC enrollment increased had lower rates of maternal adverse pregnancy outcomes, including GDM (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.71, 95% CI, 0.57-0.89), ICU admission (aOR 0.47, 95% CI, 0.34-0.65), and transfusion (aOR 0.68, 95% CI, 0.53-0.88), and neonatal adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth (aOR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.56-0.90) and NICU admission (aOR 0.77, 95% CI, 0.60-0.97), but not cesarean delivery, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or LGA or SGA birth. CONCLUSION: Increasing WIC enrollment during pregnancy at the county level was associated with a lower risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. In an era when WIC enrollment has decreased and food and nutrition insecurity has increased, efforts are needed to increase WIC enrollment among eligible individuals in pregnancy.

2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

AIM: The "2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from September 14, 2022, to November 22, 2022, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. Additional relevant studies, published through May 23, 2023, during the guideline writing process, were also considered by the writing committee and added to the evidence tables, where appropriate. STRUCTURE: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally. Recommendations from the "2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" have been updated with new evidence to guide clinicians.

Socioeconomic disadvantage in pregnancy and postpartum risk of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is an educable and actionable life stage to address social determinants of health (SDOH) and lifelong cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. However, the link between a risk score that combines multiple neighborhood-level social determinants in pregnancy and the risk of long-term CVD remains to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage measured by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) in early pregnancy is associated with a higher 30-year predicted risk of CVD postpartum, as measured by the Framingham Risk Score. STUDY DESIGN: An analysis of data from the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study-Monitoring Mothers-to-Be Heart Health Study longitudinal cohort. Participant home addresses during early pregnancy were geocoded at the Census-block level. The exposure was neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage using the 2015 ADI by tertile (least deprived [T1], reference; most deprived [T3]) measured in the first trimester. Outcomes were the predicted 30-year risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD, composite of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and stroke) and total CVD (composite of ASCVD plus coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, transient ischemic attack, intermittent claudication, and heart failure) using the Framingham Risk Score measured 2 to 7 years after delivery. These outcomes were assessed as continuous measures of absolute estimated risk in increments of 1%, and, secondarily, as categorical measures with high-risk defined as an estimated probability of CVD ≥10%. Multivariable linear regression and modified Poisson regression models adjusted for baseline age and individual-level social determinants, including health insurance, educational attainment, and household poverty. RESULTS: Among 4309 nulliparous individuals at baseline, the median age was 27 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23-31) and the median ADI was 43 (IQR: 22-74). At 2 to 7 years postpartum (median: 3.1 years, IQR: 2.5, 3.7), the median 30-year risk of ASCVD was 2.3% (IQR: 1.5, 3.5) and of total CVD was 5.5% (IQR: 3.7, 7.9); 2.2% and 14.3% of individuals had predicted 30-year risk ≥10%, respectively. Individuals living in the highest ADI tertile had a higher predicted risk of 30-year ASCVD % (adjusted ß: 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19, 0.63) compared with those in the lowest tertile; and those living in the top 2 ADI tertiles had higher absolute risks of 30-year total CVD % (T2: adj. ß: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.72; T3: adj. ß: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.13). Similarly, individuals living in neighborhoods in the highest ADI tertile were more likely to have a high 30-year predicted risk of ASCVD (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.02) and total CVD ≥10% (aRR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.69). CONCLUSION: Neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage in early pregnancy was associated with a higher estimated long-term risk of CVD postpartum. Incorporating aggregated SDOH into existing clinical workflows and future research in pregnancy could reduce disparities in maternal cardiovascular health across the lifespan, and requires further study.

Cardiovascular Burden of the V142I Transthyretin Variant.

Importance: Individual cohort studies concur that the amyloidogenic V142I variant of the transthyretin (TTR) gene, present in 3% to 4% of US Black individuals, increases heart failure (HF) and mortality risk. Precisely defining carrier risk across relevant clinical outcomes and estimating population burden of disease are important given established and emerging targeted treatments. Objectives: To better define the natural history of disease in carriers across mid to late life, assess variant modifiers, and estimate cardiovascular burden to the US population. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 23 338 self-reported Black participants initially free from HF were included in 4 large observational studies across the US (mean [SD], 15.5 [8.2] years of follow-up). Data analysis was performed between May 2023 and February 2024. Exposure: V142I carrier status (n = 754, 3.2%). Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalizations for HF (including subtypes of reduced and preserved ejection fraction) and all-cause mortality. Outcomes were analyzed by generating 10-year hazard ratios for each age between 50 and 90 years. Using actuarial methods, mean survival by carrier status was estimated and applied to the 2022 US population using US Census data. Results: Among the 23 338 participants, the mean (SD) age at baseline was 62 (9) years and 76.7% were women. Ten-year carrier risk increased for HF hospitalization by age 63 years, predominantly driven by HF with reduced ejection fraction, and 10-year all-cause mortality risk increased by age 72 years. Only age (but not sex or other select variables) modified risk with the variant, with estimated reductions in longevity ranging from 1.9 years (95% CI, 0.6-3.1) at age 50 to 2.8 years (95% CI, 2.0-3.6) at age 81. Based on these data, 435 851 estimated US Black carriers between ages 50 and 95 years are projected to cumulatively lose 957 505 years of life (95% CI, 534 475-1 380 535) due to the variant. Conclusions and Relevance: Among self-reported Black individuals, male and female V142I carriers faced similar and substantial risk for HF hospitalization, predominantly with reduced ejection fraction, and death, with steep age-dependent penetrance. Delineating the individual contributions of, and complex interplay among, the V142I variant, ancestry, the social construct of race, and biological or social determinants of health to cardiovascular disease merits further investigation.

2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

AIM: The "2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR Guideline for the Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from September 14, 2022, to November 22, 2022, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. Additional relevant studies, published through May 23, 2023, during the guideline writing process, were also considered by the writing committee and added to the evidence tables, where appropriate. STRUCTURE: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains a common genetic heart disease reported in populations globally. Recommendations from the "2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy" have been updated with new evidence to guide clinicians.

Cardiovascular Risk Profile Among Reproductive-Aged Women in the U.S.: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015-2020.

Introduction: Suboptimal cardiovascular health is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term cardiovascular risk. The authors examined trends in cardiovascular risk factors and correlates of suboptimal cardiovascular risk profiles among reproductive-aged U.S. women. Methods: With data from 335,959 women in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2015-2020), the authors conducted serial cross-sectional analysis among nonpregnant reproductive-aged women (18-44 years) without cardiovascular disease who self-reported information on 8 cardiovascular risk factors selected on the basis of Life's Essential 8 metrics. The authors estimated the prevalence of each risk factor and suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile (≥2 risk factors) and examined trends overall and by age and race/ethnicity. Using multivariable Poisson regression, the authors assessed the sociodemographic correlates of suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile. Results: The weighted prevalence of women aged <35 years was approximately 64% in each survey year. The prevalence of suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile increased modestly from 72.4% (71.6%-73.3%) in 2015 to 75.9% (75.0%-76.7%) in 2019 (p<0.001). This increase was mainly driven by increases in overweight/obesity (53.1%-58.4%; p<0.001). Between 2015 and 2019, significant increases in suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile were observed among non-Hispanic White (69.8%-72.6%; p<0.001) and Hispanic (75.1%-80.3%; p<0.001) women but not among non-Hispanic Black (82.7%-83.7%; p=0.48) or Asian (68.1%-73.2%; p=0.09) women. Older age, rural residence, and non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic race and ethnicity were associated with a higher prevalence of suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile. Conclusions: There has been a modest but significant increase in suboptimal cardiovascular risk profile among U.S. women of reproductive age. Urgent preventive efforts are needed to reverse this trend and improve cardiovascular health, particularly among subgroups at increased risk, to mitigate its implications.

Impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring cardiovascular health in early adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus, influence maternal cardiovascular health long after pregnancy, but their relationship to offspring cardiovascular health following in-utero exposure remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus with offspring cardiovascular health in early adolescence. STUDY DESIGN: This analysis used data from the prospective Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study from 2000 to 2006 and the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study from 2013 to 2016. This analysis included 3317 mother-child dyads from 10 field centers, comprising 70.8% of Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study participants. Those with pregestational diabetes and chronic hypertension were excluded. The exposures included having any hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus vs not having hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus, respectively (reference). The outcome was offspring cardiovascular health when aged 10-14 years, on the basis of 4 metrics: body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol level, and glucose level. Each metric was categorized as ideal, intermediate, or poor using a framework provided by the American Heart Association. The primary outcome was defined as having at least 1 cardiovascular health metric that was nonideal vs all ideal (reference), and the second outcome was the number of nonideal cardiovascular health metrics (ie, at least 1 intermediate metric, 1 poor metric, or at least 2 poor metrics vs all ideal [reference]). Modified poisson regression with robust error variance was used and adjusted for covariates at pregnancy enrollment, including field center, parity, age, gestational age, alcohol or tobacco use, child's assigned sex at birth, and child's age at follow-up. RESULTS: Among 3317 maternal-child dyads, the median (interquartile) ages were 30.4 (25.6-33.9) years for pregnant individuals and 11.6 (10.9-12.3) years for children. During pregnancy, 10.4% of individuals developed hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and 14.6% developed gestational diabetes mellitus. At follow-up, 55.5% of offspring had at least 1 nonideal cardiovascular health metric. In adjusted models, having hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (adjusted risk ratio, 1.14 [95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.25]) or having gestational diabetes mellitus (adjusted risk ratio, 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.19]) was associated with a greater risk that offspring developed less-than-ideal cardiovascular health when aged 10-14 years. The above associations strengthened in magnitude as the severity of adverse cardiovascular health metrics increased (ie, with the outcome measured as ≥1 intermediate, 1 poor, and ≥2 poor adverse metrics), albeit the only statistically significant association was with the "1-poor-metric" exposure. CONCLUSION: In this multinational prospective cohort, pregnant individuals who experienced either hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus were at significantly increased risk of having offspring with worse cardiovascular health in early adolescence. Reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes and increasing surveillance with targeted interventions after an adverse pregnancy outcome should be studied as potential avenues to enhance long-term cardiovascular health in the offspring exposed in utero.

Proteomics, Human Environmental Exposure, and Cardiometabolic Risk.

BACKGROUND: The biological mechanisms linking environmental exposures with cardiovascular disease pathobiology are incompletely understood. We sought to identify circulating proteomic signatures of environmental exposures and examine their associations with cardiometabolic and respiratory disease in observational cohort studies. METHODS: We tested the relations of >6500 circulating proteins with 29 environmental exposures across the built environment, green space, air pollution, temperature, and social vulnerability indicators in ≈3000 participants of the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) across 4 centers using penalized and ordinary linear regression. In >3500 participants from FHS (Framingham Heart Study) and JHS (Jackson Heart Study), we evaluated the prospective relations of proteomic signatures of the envirome with cardiovascular disease and mortality using Cox models. RESULTS: Proteomic signatures of the envirome identified novel/established cardiovascular disease-relevant pathways including DNA damage, fibrosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. The proteomic signatures of the envirome were broadly related to cardiometabolic disease and respiratory phenotypes (eg, body mass index, lipids, and left ventricular mass) in CARDIA, with replication in FHS/JHS. A proteomic signature of social vulnerability was associated with a composite of cardiovascular disease/mortality (1428 events; FHS: hazard ratio, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.08-1.24]; P=1.77×10-5; JHS: hazard ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.14-1.38]; P=6.38×10-6; hazard ratio expressed as per 1 SD increase in proteomic signature), robust to adjustment for known clinical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental exposures are related to an inflammatory-metabolic proteome, which identifies individuals with cardiometabolic disease and respiratory phenotypes and outcomes. Future work examining the dynamic impact of the environment on human cardiometabolic health is warranted.

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Predicted 30-Year Risk of Maternal Cardiovascular Disease 2-7 Years After Delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adverse pregnancy outcomes are associated with a higher predicted 30-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD; ie, coronary artery disease or stroke). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the prospective Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study-Monitoring Mothers-to-Be Heart Health Study longitudinal cohort. The exposures were adverse pregnancy outcomes during the first pregnancy (ie, gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM], hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, preterm birth, and small- and large-for-gestational-age [SGA, LGA] birth weight) modeled individually and secondarily as the cumulative number of adverse pregnancy outcomes (ie, none, one, two or more). The outcome was the 30-year risk of atherosclerotic CVD predicted with the Framingham Risk Score assessed at 2-7 years after delivery. Risk was measured both continuously in increments of 1% and categorically, with high predicted risk defined as a predicted risk of atherosclerotic CVD of 10% or more. Linear regression and modified Poisson models were adjusted for baseline covariates. RESULTS: Among 4,273 individuals who were assessed at a median of 3.1 years after delivery (interquartile range 2.5-3.7), the median predicted 30-year atherosclerotic CVD risk was 2.2% (interquartile range 1.4-3.4), and 1.8% had high predicted risk. Individuals with GDM (least mean square 5.93 vs 4.19, adjusted ß=1.45, 95% CI, 1.14-1.75), hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (4.95 vs 4.22, adjusted ß=0.49, 95% CI, 0.31-0.68), and preterm birth (4.81 vs 4.27, adjusted ß=0.47, 95% CI, 0.24-0.70) were more likely to have a higher absolute risk of atherosclerotic CVD. Similarly, individuals with GDM (8.7% vs 1.4%, adjusted risk ratio [RR] 2.02, 95% CI, 1.14-3.59), hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (4.4% vs 1.4%, adjusted RR 1.91, 95% CI, 1.17-3.13), and preterm birth (5.0% vs 1.5%, adjusted RR 2.26, 95% CI, 1.30-3.93) were more likely to have a high predicted risk of atherosclerotic CVD. A greater number of adverse pregnancy outcomes within the first birth was associated with progressively greater risks, including per 1% atherosclerotic CVD risk (one adverse pregnancy outcome: 4.86 vs 4.09, adjusted ß=0.59, 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; two or more adverse pregnancy outcomes: 5.51 vs 4.09, adjusted ß=1.16, 95% CI, 0.82-1.50), and a high predicted risk of atherosclerotic CVD (one adverse pregnancy outcome: 3.8% vs 1.0%, adjusted RR 2.33, 95% CI, 1.40-3.88; two or more adverse pregnancy outcomes: 8.7 vs 1.0%, RR 3.43, 95% CI, 1.74-6.74). Small and large for gestational age were not consistently associated with a higher atherosclerotic CVD risk. CONCLUSION: Individuals who experienced adverse pregnancy outcomes in their first birth were more likely to have a higher predicted 30-year risk of CVD measured at 2-7 years after delivery. The magnitude of risk was higher with a greater number of adverse pregnancy outcomes experienced.

Efficacy and safety of a four-drug, quarter-dose treatment for hypertension: the QUARTET USA randomized trial.

New approaches are needed to lower blood pressure (BP) given persistently low control rates. QUARTET USA sought to evaluate the effect of four-drug, quarter-dose BP lowering combination in patients with hypertension. QUARTET USA was a randomized (1:1), double-blinded trial conducted in federally qualified health centers among adults with hypertension. Participants received either a quadpill of candesartan 2 mg, amlodipine 1.25 mg, indapamide 0.625 mg, and bisoprolol 2.5 mg or candesartan 8 mg for 12 weeks. If BP was >130/>80 mm Hg at 6 weeks in either arm, then participants received open label add-on amlodipine 5 mg. The primary outcome was mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 12 weeks, controlling for baseline BP. Secondary outcomes included mean change in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and safety included serious adverse events, relevant adverse drug effects, and electrolyte abnormalities. Among 62 participants randomized between August 2019-May 2022 (n = 32 intervention, n = 30 control), mean (SD) age was 52 (11.5) years, 45% were female, 73% identified as Hispanic, and 18% identified as Black. Baseline mean (SD) SBP was 138.1 (11.2) mmHg, and baseline mean (SD) DBP was 84.3 (10.5) mmHg. In a modified intention-to-treat analysis, there was no significant difference in SBP (-4.8 mm Hg [95% CI: -10.8, 1.3, p = 0.123] and a -4.9 mmHg (95% CI: -8.6, -1.3, p = 0.009) greater mean DBP change in the intervention arm compared with the control arm at 12 weeks. Adverse events did not differ significantly between arms. The quadpill had a similar SBP and greater DBP lowering effect compared with candesartan 8 mg. Trial registration number: NCT03640312.

Disparities in heart failure between White, Black, and Hispanic young adults: insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is increasing among young adults in the United States with pervasive racial and ethnic differences in this population. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate contemporary associations between race and ethnicity, clinical comorbidities, and outcomes among young to middle-aged adults with HF. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. All participants with a self-report of HF aged 20-64 years from 2005 to 2018 were included and stratified by race and ethnicity [non-Hispanic (NH) Whites, NH Blacks, and Hispanics]. Data on baseline characteristics including age, sex, marital status, citizenship, education level, body mass index, insurance, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and relevant clinical comorbidities were included. Weighted logistic regression was performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) to determine the association of race and ethnicity with HF. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the association of race and ethnicity with all-cause and cardiac mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1,940,447 young to middle-aged adults had self-reported HF between 2005 and 2018, of whom 61% were NH White, 40% were NH Black, and 22% were Hispanic. When compared with NH White adults, NH Black adults had higher odds of HF adjusted for age, sex, insurance status, marital status, education level, citizenship status, and clinical comorbidities (adjusted aOR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.71-4.05, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the odds of HF between Hispanic and NH White adults (aOR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.64-2.18, p = 0.585). NH Black adults had higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and a comparable or lower burden of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular clinical comorbidities compared with NH White and Hispanic adults. No statistical significance was noted by race and ethnicity for all-cause and cardiac mortality during a follow-up of 5 years. CONCLUSION: NH Black young to middle-aged adults were more likely to have HF which may be related to higher blood pressure given the largely similar burden of clinically relevant comorbidities compared with other racial and ethnic groups.