Mucormycosis as Post Coronavirus Disease Complication.

Mucormycosis is called as black fungus, which is caused by fungus belonged to Mucorales. If this fungus, effects healthy individuals it won't cause any serious complications, but it may cause life-threatening issues when Mucorales affects individuals who have low immunity. The mortality rate of black fungus is more than 50%, and it may also range till 100% if the individual is having any preexisting or chronic disease. This was the case of a 55-year-old male patient complaint of having generalized pain in the maxillary teeth bilaterally and suffering fullness in the maxillary sinus. To check on other possible diseases, doctors have conducted other diagnosis tests, and orthopantomogram revealed in the diagnosis that there was the presence of haziness in the left maxillary sinus, which looked like an incompletely formed soap bubble and additionally he diagnosed with coronavirus disease positive. Then, doctors suggested a chest computerized tomography (CT) along with head CT excluding the brain and further investigation of this case was given below in detail. The report reveals acute necrotizing suppurative sinusitis with dead bony tissue, soft-tissue necrosis with fungal infestation showing broad hyphae with right-angle branching suggestive of mucormycosis.

The miniature CRISPR-Cas12m effector binds DNA to block transcription.

CRISPR-Cas are prokaryotic adaptive immune systems. Cas nucleases generally use CRISPR-derived RNA guides to specifically bind and cleave DNA or RNA targets. Here, we describe the experimental characterization of a bacterial CRISPR effector protein Cas12m representing subtype V-M. Despite being less than half the size of Cas12a, Cas12m catalyzes auto-processing of a crRNA guide, recognizes a 5'-TTN' protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), and stably binds a guide-complementary double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Cas12m has a RuvC domain with a non-canonical catalytic site and accordingly is incapable of guide-dependent cleavage of target nucleic acids. Despite lacking target cleavage activity, the high binding affinity of Cas12m to dsDNA targets allows for interference as demonstrated by its ability to protect bacteria against invading plasmids through silencing invader transcription and/or replication. Based on these molecular features, we repurposed Cas12m by fusing it to a cytidine deaminase that resulted in base editing within a distinct window.

Apigenin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy Induced by Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB Signalling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Apigenin is known to have a broad-spectrum efficacy in oxidative stress and conditions due to inflammation, although weak absorption, fast metabolic rate and a fast elimination (systemic) limit the pharmacological efficacy of this drug. Hence, we propose the usage of highly bioavailable Apigenin-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) to recognize such limitations. The defensive function of Apigenin-SLNPs on renal damage induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in animals was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We initially injected the rats with 35 mg kg-1 streptozocin intraperitoneally, and after 7 days, the rats were then injected 150 mg kg-1 of metformin intragastrically followed by a once-daily intragastric dose of Apigenin-SLNP (25 or 50 mg kg-1) for a continuous period of 30 days. We then measured the level of insulin and blood glucose, superoxide dismutase, catalase and malondialdehyde in the tissues of the kidney. We also observed messenger-RNA expression of Interleukin-1ß, Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in renal tissue through RT-PCR technique. Moreover, H&E staining and Western blotting observed the histopathological variations and protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase/Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway, respectively. RESULTS: An enhancement in the expressing of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 and a suppression in the expression of Nuclear Factor-κB occurred due to Apigenin-SLNPs treatment, which was a result of the protective mechanism of Apigenin-SLNPs which is because of not only its anti-inflammatory function (by inhibition of release of inflammatory factors) but also their anti-oxidant activity (through reduction of lipid peroxidation production). CONCLUSION: We found that a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy was shown due to Apigenin-SLNPs, in rats induced with streptozocin maybe through the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1/Nuclear Factor-κB.

COVID-19: A Worldwide, Zoonotic, Pandemic Outbreak.

CONTEXT: An outbreak of a novel, zoonotic coronavirus occurred in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China and has now affected almost the entire world, with the maximum confirmed cases being 1 521 252 as of April 10, 2020. The WHO named this coronavirus 2019-nCoV, with COVID-19 being the name for diseases allied with it. OBJECTIVE: The study intended to examine the features and characteristics of existing human coronaviruses and identify their resemblance to the newly identified 2019-nCoV. DESIGN: The research team performed a literature review, searching relevant literature databases. We searched four databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and CNKI (Chinese Database), to identify studies reporting COVID-19. Articles published on or before April 10, 2020 were eligible for inclusion. We used the following search terms: "Coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV" or "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV" or "MERS-CoV" or "Bat SARS-CoV" or "ACE2 receptor". SETTING: This study was take place in School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. RESULTS: The undistinguishable similarity of the genomic sequences of Severe Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and Bat SARS-CoV-bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21-to nCoV-2019 has facilitated the process of identifying primary treatment measures. Researchers are presuming the existence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding in nCoV-2019, as in SARS-CoV. Researchers have been examining human-to-human transmission, the possibility of an intermediate host between bats and humans, and the existence of asymptomatic cases. An incubation period of 0 to 14 days has been reported, with acute to chronic symptoms being cough, nasal congestion, high fever, dyspnea, pneumonia, invasive lesions in both lungs, respiratory failure, and even death, including in pediatric cases. Mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, repurposing of antivirals, and plasma infusion have proven to be somewhat effective. Several countries have started clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of some drugs, but the ability to vaccinate people with existing or new molecules will require time. Previously learned lessons from SARS and MERS have led some areas to be well equipped in terms of the ability to take speedy action. CONCLUSIONS: First-level treatments include repurposing antivirals and antimalarials, and plasma infusion should help, but development of existing or new molecules into vaccines will take time. The unpredictable trajectory of this outbreak demands careful surveillance to monitor the situation, draw strategies, implement control measures, and create proper ethical laws and medical guidelines.

Evaluation of the secondary complications in patients of type-ii diabetes mellitus (TIIDM) on allopathic, alternative or combination of medicine system: A cross sectional study.

Progression of diabetes mellitus may leads to secondary complications. Management of such complication is a major challenge for diabetologists. Objective of current study was to evaluate the development of chronic complications in patients of type-II diabetes by comparing their treatment options. This cross sectional study was conducted in outpatient facilities of Karachi from July 2017 to July 2018. 201 type -II DM patients were enrolled in the study. Study was divided into four arms of treatment; herbal, homeopathic, allopathic and combination. Outcome measures were development of acute and chronic complications. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 version. Finding of study reveals that relative risk reduction of diabetic coma is 50% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment, relative risk reduction of retinopathy is 52% (p=0001) with herbal treatment, relative risk reduction of nephropathy is 58% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment, relative risk reduction of hypertension is 49% (p=0.0001) with herbal treatment, relative risk reduction of myocardial infarction is 15% (p=0.0001) with herbal treatment and relative risk reduction of neuropathies is 27% (p=0.0001) with combination treatment and relative risk reduction of other complications is 12% with allopathic treatment (p=0.20). Finding of study reveals that risk of acute and chronic complications in type-II DM patients is low if they use either herbal system of medicine or combination of different systems of medicine.

Burn aggravated infected wart in a patient with type 2 diabetes: a medical challenge.

An infectious wart of foot in a patient with diabetics is a medical challenge, and it gets worse when aggravated with burns. We present a case of a 67-year-old Pakistani man, diabetic for 20 years presented at our healthcare centre. While awaiting his culture sensitivity report, he was prescribed an empiric antibiotic therapy. Patient then travelled to Saudi Arabia for pilgrimage 3 days later with growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species in culture and sensitivity report; during his travel, he walked barefoot and the infected wart aggravated with severe burn. Patient continued empiric treatment for 14 days. On his arrival, infected wart worsened with dead burnt skin, heavy purulent discharge on plantar region. X-rays revealed marked arthritic changes. Cefepime 500 mg three times a day intravenously was initiated following wound debridement. Patient was switched to moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily postoperatively for 7 days until completely healed.

Protocol for Antibiotic Administration in Mandibular Trauma: A Prospective Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to determine the necessity and/or effectiveness of antibiotics in cases with maxillofacial trauma and emphasise the administration of antibiotics in maxillofacial fractures indicated for open reduction and rigid internal fixation (ORIF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a single blind, prospective, randomized clinical trial composed of subjects who presented with non-comminuted, linear fractures of the mandible and were treated by ORIF via an intraoral approach. One hundred and forty-four subjects (2011-2015) who belonged to the above entities were randomly categorized into 2 groups of 72 each, on lottery method. Patients in Group A were administered a 5 day course of antibiotic (1 day IV antibiotics followed by 4 days oral) while patients in Group B received a 1 day course of IV antibiotic (1 dose post op). Both the groups were followed up on the 1st day, 3rd day, 1st week, 1st month, 3rd month post operatively and were evaluated for pain, swelling, infection, fever, spontaneous wound dehiscence, purulent discharge and any other adverse effects. RESULTS: Post operative infection when measured clinically and radiographically was comparatively higher in Group B. Out of 72 patients in both the groups, 5 patients each in Group A and Group B reported with wound dehiscence, 9 patients in both groups developed pyrexia. CONCLUSION: Though the post operative infection was slightly more in Group B compared to Group A, 1 day antibiotic regimen was found to be equally effective when compared to 5 day regimen and helps in reducing the after effects, superinfection and antibiotic resistance. It has better patient compliance and is cost effective.

Pleomorphic Adenoma in Retromolar Area: A Very Rare Case Report and Review of Literature.

Among all neoplasms affecting head and neck region, salivary gland neoplasms are rare. Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common benign salivary gland tumours making up to 50% of major and minor salivary gland tumours. Intraorally pleomorphic adenoma is mostly found on palate and lips and very rarely in retromolar area. Here we are reporting a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma in right lower retromolar area in a 31-year-old female, the lesion was excised in toto with safety margins under local anaesthesia and postoperative follow up after six months didn't showed any recurrence.