ABSTRACT
Diel rhythms are observed across taxa and are important for maintaining synchrony between the environment and organismal physiology. A striking example of this is the diel vertical migration undertaken by zooplankton, some of which, such as the 5 mm-long copepod Pleuromamma xiphias (P. xiphias), migrate hundreds of meters daily between the surface ocean and deeper waters. Some of the molecular pathways that underlie the expressed phenotype at different stages of this migration are entrained by environmental variables (e.g., day length and food availability), while others are regulated by internal clocks. We identified a series of proteomic biomarkers that vary across ocean DVM and applied them to copepods incubated in 24 h of darkness to assess circadian control. The dark-incubated copepods shared some proteomic similarities to the ocean-caught copepods (i.e., increased abundance of carbohydrate metabolism proteins at night). Shipboard-incubated copepods demonstrated a clearer distinction between night and day proteomic profiles, and more proteins were differentially abundant than in the in situ copepods, even in the absence of the photoperiod and other environmental cues. This pattern suggests that there is a canalization of rhythmic diel physiology in P. xiphias that reflects likely circadian clock control over diverse molecular pathways.
