In silico identification of promising inhibitor against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase target of SARS-CoV-2.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome is a viral respiratory disease recognised as COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Formerly, no precise remedies are available, and many studies regarding COVID-19 prevention and treatment are under development. Several targets for the design of drugs are identified, and studies are in headway to explore the potential target. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein identified as a promising target against SARS-CoV-2 infection for the drug design due to its significant role in viral replication. The present study focuses on identifying the binding effect of previously known RdRp inhibitors with RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approaches. Molecular docking and binding free energy calculations against RdRp enzyme identified suramin as a potential compound that showed the highest docking score of -7.83 Kcal/mole and binding energy of -80.83 Kcal/mole as a comparison to other compounds. Further, molecular dynamics simulation studies were moreover showed the stable binding behaviour of suramin docked complex in the protein active site. Thus, the study concludes that suramin might be helpful as a potential inhibitor against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SRAS-CoV-2. However, further investigation is needed to assess the possible effect of inhibitors on RdRp through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Exploring the Potential Effect of Methanolic Extract of Salvia officinalis Against UV Exposed Skin Aging: In vivo and In vitro Model.

BACKGROUND: The medicinal plants have enormous pharmacological properties with fewer side effects. Today, there is an increasing demand of medicinal plants as an anti-aging and anti-wrinkle agent. ; Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-aging and anti-wrinkle potential of Salvia officinalis. ; Materials and Methods: Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) is folk medicine of Asia and Latin America. Powdered crude drug 100 g was successively extracted in a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (60-80ºC), chloroform and methanol. After successive solvents, extraction methanolic extract was used for testing of antioxidant potential using DPPH assay. Further, the antiaging potential of the extract was investigated by the inhibitory effect of various enzymatic estimations i.e. Col-I, Ela- I and Hya-I inhibitory assays on early aging human skin fibroblasts. The antiwrinkle potential of plant Salvia officinalis was done by using a UV light-induced photoaging model. ; Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids flavonoids, and triterpenoids, saponins and Phenolic Compounds at high level. The extract showed inhibitory concentration (IC50: 24.65) and ascorbic acid. The standard antioxidant showed inhibitory concentration (IC50: 20.10). In enzymatic estimations assay, the Col-I, Ela-I and Hya-I of extract were assessed showing inhibitory concentration as Col-I (IC50:21.36), Ela-I (IC50:35.05) and Hya-I (IC50:23.44), respectively. Thus, MeOH extract of Salvia officinalis can inhibit 50% of the activity of aging-related enzymes Col-I, Ela-I and Hya-I. The wrinkle score of negative control i.e. UV treated group was 2.83 ± 0.408, and MeOH extract of Salvia officinalis treated group is 1.83 ± 0.753. ; Conclusion: This study concluded that MeOH extract of Salvia officinalis has confirmed the high antioxidant potential and in vitro and in vivo inhibitory potential of antiaging enzymes assessed, thus they could be used for further development of cosmetic products and nutraceuticals.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Indian male fern (Dryopteris Cochleata), operational parameters, characterization and bioactivity on Naja naja venom neutralization.

Snakebite is considered as one of the acute severe medical problems across the world. Snake venoms composed of various group of toxins, enzymes and non-toxic enzymes. Phospholipases A2 present in Naja naja snake venom plays a significant role in lipid signalling and contributes to different inflammation in the human body. Dryopteris cochleata rhizomes have antioxidant, antimicrobial property and used to treat lesions, gonorrhoea, sores, muscular pain, rheumatic and also useful in dog and snake bites. In this study, Indian male fern D. cochleata rhizomes have been used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the aim to increase the bioactivity of plant extract and to evaluate N. naja snake venom inhibition activity of prepared nanoparticles. Green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with the help of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Naja naja venom inhibition activity of nanoparticles was performed using in vitro phospholipases A2 assay and tissue damage activity. The results showed that surface plasmon resonance maxima peaks of nanoparticles were observed at 424 nm. Average particle size was around 35 nm, with a spherical shape. Neutralization results exhibited that synthesized silver nanoparticles from D. cochleata decreased percentage of tissue damage, resulting in significant inhibition of phospholipase A2 and N. naja snake venom. Results concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles from D. cochleata rhizome neutralize N. naja snake venom activity.

Potential Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and Functional Food Components as Nutritional Supplement for COVID-19: A Review.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome is a viral respiratory infection and commonly called as COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It widely transmitted through direct or indirect contact. Currently, no specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2 are available; only prevention and supportive strategy are the preventive measures. The present review emphasizes the latest research related to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as the current status of potential inhibitors identified. Recent interest in SARS-CoV-2 has focused on transmission, symptoms, structure, and its structural proteins that exhibit promising therapeutics targets for rapid identification of potential inhibitors. The quick identification of potential inhibitors and immune-boosting functional food ingredients are crucial to combat this pandemic disease. We also tried to give an overview of the functional food components as a nutritional supplement, which helps in boosting our immune system and could be useful in preventing the COVID-19 and/or to improve the outcome during therapy.