Integrative Bioinformatics Approaches to Uncover Hub Genes and Pathways Involved in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a significant global health challenge resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. However, the molecular pathways and genetic factors involved in the onset and progression of CVDs remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed an integrative bioinformatic analysis to highlight specific genes and signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of 80 CVDs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through the integrated analysis of microarray and GWAS datasets. Then, hub genes were identified after gene ontology functional annotation analysis and protein-protein internet (PPI) analysis. In addition, pathways were identified through KEGG and gene ontology enrichment analyses. A total of 821 hub genes related to 80 CVDs were identified, including 135 common and frequent CVD-associated genes. TNF, IL6, VEGFA, and TGFB.1 genes were the central core genes expressed in 50% or more of CVDs, confirming that the inflammation is a key pathological feature of CVDs. Analysis of hub genes by KEGG enrichment revealed predominant enrichment in 201 KEGG pathways, of which the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications was identified as the common key KEGG implicated in 62 CVDs. In addition, the outcomes showed an overrepresentation in pathways categorized under human diseases, particularly in the subcategories of infectious diseases and cancers, which may be common risk factors for CVDs. In conclusion, this powerful approach for in silico fine-mapping of genes and pathways allowed the identification of determinant hubs genes and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of CVDs which could be employed in developing more targeted and effective interventions for preventing, diagnosing, and treating CVDs. The function of these hub genes in CVDs needs further exploration to elucidate their biological characteristics.

Polyphasic molecular approach to the characterization of methanogens in the saliva of Tunisian adults.

OBJECTIVES: Methanogenic archaea are a minor component of human oral microbiota. Due to their relatively low abundance, the detection of these neglected microorganisms is challenging. This study concerns the presence of methanogens in salivary samples collected from Tunisian adults to evaluate their prevalence and burden using a polyphasic molecular approach. METHODS: A total of 43 saliva samples were included. Metagenomic and standard 16S rRNA sequencing were performed as an initial screening to detect the presence of methanogens in the oral microbiota of Tunisian adults. Further investigations were performed using specific quantitative real-time PCR targeting Methanobrevibacter oralis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. RESULTS: Methanobrevibacter was detected in 5/43 (11.62 %) saliva samples after metagenomic 16S rRNA data analysis. The presence of M. oralis was confirmed in 6/43 samples by standard 16S rRNA sequencing. Using real-time PCR, methanogens were detected in 35/43 (81.39 %) samples, including 62.79 % positive for M. oralis and 76.74 % positive for M. smithii. These findings reflect the high prevalence of both methanogens, revealed by the high sensitivity of the real-time PCR approach. Interestingly, we also noted a significant statistical association between the detection of M. smithii and poor adherence to a Mediterranean diet, indicating the impact of diet on M. smithii prevalence. CONCLUSION: Our study showed the presence of methanogens in the oral microbiota of Tunisian adults with an unprecedented relatively high prevalence. Choice of methodology is also central to picturing the real prevalence and diversity of such minor taxa in the oral microbiota.

Prevalence of self-reported food allergy in Tunisia: General trends and probabilistic modeling.

Background: Food allergy (FA) has become a major public health concern affecting millions of children and adults worldwide. In Tunisia, published data on FA are scarce. Methods: This study, was intended to fill the gap and estimate the frequency of allergy to different foods in the Sfax region, Tunisia, within self-reported FA. One hundred twenty-five (125) children (56% males, 1-17 years old), and 306 adults (17% males, 18-70 years old) were interviewed using a bilingual questionnaire. Results: The number of self-reported food allergens in this sample was 105; allergens were clustered in 8 foods: fruits, seafood, eggs, milk and dairy, cereals, nuts, vegetables, and peanuts. Cutaneous reactions were the most frequent symptoms, in both children and adults. About 40% of children and 30% of adults had a family history of FA. About 81% of adults and 38% of children are allergic to at least 1 non-food allergen. The most prevalent food allergen was the fruit group in both adults and children, followed by seafood. Most food allergies were mutually exclusive and 90% of individuals have a single FA. The relationship between self-declared FA was modeled using a Bayesian network graphical model in order to estimate conditional probabilities of each FA when other FA is present. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of self-reported FA in Tunisia depends on dietary habits and food availability since the most frequent allergens are from foods that are highly consumed by the Tunisian population.

Oxidative stress markers-driven prognostic model to predict post-discharge mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Background: Current predictive models based on biomarkers reflective of different pathways of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) pathogenesis constitute a useful tool for predicting death risk among HFrEF patients. The purpose of the study was to develop a new predictive model for post-discharge mortality risk among HFrEF patients, based on a combination of clinical patients' characteristics, N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and oxidative stress markers as a potentially valuable tool for routine clinical practice. Methods: 116 patients with stable HFrEF were recruited in a prospective single-center study. Plasma levels of NT-proBNP and oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), uric acid (UA), total bilirubin (TB), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] were measured in the stable predischarge condition. Generalized linear model (GLM), random forest and extreme gradient boosting models were developed to predict post-discharge mortality risk using clinical and laboratory data. Through comprehensive evaluation, the most performant model was selected. Results: During a median follow-up of 525 days (7-930), 33 (28%) patients died. Among the three created models, the GLM presented the best performance for post-discharge death prediction in HFrEF. The predictors included in the GLM model were age, female sex, beta blockers, NT-proBNP, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), TAC levels, admission systolic blood pressure (SBP), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor II blockers (ACEI/ARBs) and UA levels. Our model had a good discriminatory power for post-discharge mortality [The area under the curve (AUC) = 74.5%]. Based on the retained model, an online calculator was developed to allow the identification of patients with heightened post-discharge death risk. Conclusion: In conclusion, we created a new and simple tool that may allow the identification of patients at heightened post-discharge mortality risk and could assist the treatment decision-making.

A potential oral microbiome signature associated with coronary artery disease in Tunisia.

The coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving genetic as well as environmental factors. Recent evidence suggests that the oral microbiome has a significant role in triggering atherosclerosis. The present study assessed the oral microbiome composition variation between coronary patients and healthy subjects in order to identify a potential pathogenic signature associated with CAD. We performed metagenomic profiling of salivary microbiomes by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) next-generation sequencing. Oral microbiota profiling was performed for 30 individuals including 20 patients with CAD and ten healthy individuals without carotid plaques or previous stroke or myocardial infarction. We found that oral microbial communities in patients and healthy controls are represented by similar global core oral microbiome. The predominant taxa belonged to Firmicutes (genus Streptococcus, Veillonella, Granulicatella, Selenomonas), Proteobacteria (genus Neisseria, Haemophilus), Actinobacteria (genus Rothia), Bacteroidetes (genus Prevotella, Porphyromonas), and Fusobacteria (genus Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia). More than 60% relative abundance of each sample for both CAD patients and controls is represented by three major genera including Streptococcus (24.97 and 26.33%), Veillonella (21.43 and 19.91%), and Neisseria (14.23 and 15.33%). Using penalized regression analysis, the bacterial genus Eikenella was involved as the major discriminant genus for both status and Syntax score of CAD. We also reported a significant negative correlation between Syntax score and Eikenella abundance in coronary patients' group (Spearman rho = -0.68, P=0.00094). In conclusion, the abundance of Eikenella in oral coronary patient samples compared with controls could be a prominent pathological indicator for the development of CAD.

Novel combined UGT1A1 mutations in Crigler Najjar Syndrome type I.

BACKGROUND: Uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), which is the major UGT1 gene product, is located on chromosome 2q37. The expression of UGT1A1 is relatively managed by a polymorphic dinucleotide repeat inside the promoter TATA box consisting of 5-8 copies of a TA repeat. A (TA) 6TAA is considered as the wild type. The A (TA) 7TAA allele has been identified as the most frequent allele in the Caucasian populations while A (TA) 8TAA allele remains the rarest allele worldwide in North Africa, including the Arab populations. METHODS: The spectrum of UGT1A1 genetic mutations in seventeen Tunisian children affected by persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemias is represented in addition to their relatives, notably parents, sisters, and brothers. Tunisian children, from 16 unrelated families as well as a 17th family without CN1 affected child, were originated from the West Center of Tunisia. The promoter region and coding exons of the UGT1A1 were PCR amplified, subsequently subjected to Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes in CN1 patients were as follows (TA) (7/7) (12/17: 70.6%) and (TA) (8/8) (5/17: 29.4%). All patients harbored the c.1070A>G mutation of exon 3 (UGT1A1*16) in the homozygous state. Among relatives of our patients (n = 16), who were all heterozygotes for UGT1A1*16, 13/16 (81.25%) had a heterozygous state for UGT1A1∗1/UGT1A1∗28 or (TA) (6/7) and, 18.75% (3/16) were heterozygous for UGT1A1∗28/UGT1A1∗37 or (TA) (7/8) of the promoter polymorphisms. CONCLUSION: UGT1A1*16 accompanied with UGT1A1*28 or UGT1A1*37 had a specific geographic and ethnic distribution for CN pathogenesis in this Tunisian cohort.

Heart failure disease: An African perspective.

Heart failure remains a health challenge in Africa, associated with significant rates of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality. The current review aims to summarize the most recent data on the epidemiology, aetiology, risk factors and management of heart failure, comparing countries in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. There is a paucity of data on heart failure epidemiology, aetiology and management, and on the sociodemographic characteristics of African patients with heart failure. Heart failure prevalence has been evaluated among all medical admissions or admissions to cardiac units or emergency departments in a few hospital-based studies conducted in countries in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Common causes of heart failure in Africa include ischaemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease. The aetiology of heart failure differs between countries in North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Diagnosing heart failure proves challenging in Africa because of a lack of basic tools and the necessary human resources. The principal drugs used frequently for heart failure therapy are lacking in sub-Saharan Africa. The clinical profile of heart failure in sub-Saharan Africa differs from that in North African countries; this is related to aetiological factors, socioeconomic status and availability of diagnostic tools. There is an evident need to establish a large multicentre registry to evaluate the heart failure burden in almost all African countries, and to highlight the major cardiovascular risk factors and co-morbidities. The present review highlights the importance of this syndrome in Africa, and calls for improvements in its early diagnosis, treatment and, possibly, prevention.

SRD5A3-CDG: 3D structure modeling, clinical spectrum, and computer-based dysmorphic facial recognition.

Pathogenic variants in Steroid 5 alpha reductase type 3 (SRD5A3) cause rare inherited congenital disorder of glycosylation known as SRD5A3-CDG (MIM# 612379). To date, 43 affected individuals have been reported. Despite the development of various dysmorphic features in significant number of patients, facial recognition entity has not yet been established for SRD5A3-CDG. Herein, we reported a novel SRD5A3 missense pathogenic variant c.460 T > C p.(Ser154Pro). The 3D structural modeling of the SRD5A3 protein revealed additional transmembrane α-helices and predicted that the p.(Ser154Pro) variant is located in a potential active site and is capable of reducing its catalytic efficiency. Based on phenotypes of our patients and all published SRD5A3-CDG cases, we identified the most common clinical features as well as some recurrent dysmorphic features such as arched eyebrows, wide eyes, shallow nasal bridge, short nose, and large mouth. Based on facial digital 2D images, we successfully designed and validated a SRD5A3-CDG computer based dysmorphic facial analysis, which achieved 92.5% accuracy. The current work integrates genotypic, 3D structural modeling and phenotypic characteristics of CDG-SRD5A3 cases with the successful development of computer tool for accurate facial recognition of CDG-SRD5A3 complex cases to assist in the diagnosis of this particular disorder globally.

Abscisic Acid, Stress, and Ripening (TtASR1) Gene as a Functional Marker for Salt Tolerance in Durum Wheat.

In semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems, drought and salinity are the main abiotic stresses hampering wheat productivity and yield instability. Abscisic acid, stress, and ripening (ASR) are small plant proteins and play important roles in different biological processes. In the present study, the TtASR1 gene was isolated and characterized for the first time from durum wheat (Tritucum turgidum L. subsp. durum). TtASR1 is a small gene, about 684 bp long, located on chromosome 4AL, encoding a protein of 136 amino acid residues consisting of a histidine-rich N terminus and C-terminal conserved ABA-WDS domain (Pfam PF02496). Our results showed that TtASR1 protein could function as a chaperone-like protein and improve the viability of E. coli under heat and cold stress and increase the Saccharomyces cerevisiae tolerance under salt and osmotic stress. Transcript expression patterns of TtASR1 revealed that ASRs play important roles in abiotic stress responses in diverse organs. Indeed, TtASR1 was upregulated in leaves by different developmental (ABA) and environmental signals (PEG, salt). In cv. Mahmoudi (salt-tolerant Tunisian durum landraces) roots, TtASR1 was upregulated by salt stress, while it was downregulated in cv. Azizi (salt-sensitive Tunisian durum landraces), supporting the implication of this gene in the salt tolerance mechanism. Taken together and after validation in the plant system, the TtASR1 gene may provide a potential functional marker for marker-assisted selection in a durum wheat breeding program for salt tolerance.

Non-classical human leukocyte antigen class I in Tunisian children with autism.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are one of the most common childhood morbidities characterized by deficits in communication and social skills. Increasing evidence has suggested associations between immune genes located in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex and etiology of autism. In this study, we investigated whether the non-classical class I HLA-G, -E, and -F polymorphisms are associated with genetic predisposition to autism in Tunisia. We aimed to find a correlation between HLA-G genotypes and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels. We have analyzed the HLA-G, -E, and -F genotypes of 15 autistic children and their parents. DNA typing of HLA class I genes was performed using PCR-SSP and PCR-RFLP methods. Also, we evaluated the serum levels of HLA-G (1 and 5) by a validated ELISA technique in autistic probands and their parents. No association was found between any polymorphism and autism in the study subjects. Additionally, we found no correlation between sHLA-G1 and sHLA-G5 and autism. Also, no significant difference in sHLA-G testing in parents and offspring was found. However, parents carrying [GG] genotype presented a higher sHLA-G levels than those carrying ([CC]+[GC]) genotypes (p = 0.037). From this preliminary study, we conclude that the investigated polymorphisms of HLA-G, -E, and -F genes did not lead to autism susceptibility in Tunisian children. However, the CGTIGA haplotype was found to be associated with the disease.

Data mining analysis of human gut microbiota links Fusobacterium spp. with colorectal cancer onset.

Gut microbiota and their metabolites play a vital role in colon health and disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of a specific microbial community together with their metabolites contributing to the risk, initiation and progression of CRC is still unknown. Hence, we used a Bayesian Networks in combination with the IDA (Intervention calculus when the DAG is absent) to generate a graphical model that allows causal relationships to be inferred from observational data. Results from the analysis of publically available datasets showed that four species: Fusobacteium, Citrobacter, Microbacterium and Slaxkia have estimated non-null lower bounds of causal effects of CRC. These findings support the hypothesis that specific bacterial species (microbial markers) act in concert with locally modified microbiota to cause or influence CRC progression. Additional comprehensive studies are required to validate the potential use of F. nucleatum, Citrobacter as well as Slackia as microbial biomarkers in CRC for prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and/or therapeutics.

Charge clusters signatures in prokaryotic proteomes: Temperature-dependence and distribution.

The identification and the screening of Charged Clusters (CCs) residues in proteins is a key analysis to assess any quantitative structure-function correlation in proteins. Here, we present a proteome wide scan for the occurrence of (CCs) in 99292 proteins using a new tool. Finding Clusters Charge in Protein Sequences Program (FCCP). The FCCP has been employed to search CCs in 35 prokaryotic proteomes (7 Psychrophiles, 10 Mesophiles, 9 thermophiles and for 9 hyperthermophiles). A new repository of 855 CC has been created. Results showed that the mapped proteins containing positive and negative charge clusters are mostly transmembrane proteins while the conserved CCs within the same proteome are transposases or involved in DNA binding and integration. Interestingly, the negative charged cluster was associated to bacteria growth's temperature (p=0.002) acting as proteins' core signature. Taken together the various results provide a consistent picture of these screened CCs in terms of its potentials functional roles.

The novel cationic cell-penetrating peptide PEP-NJSM is highly active against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm.

A cationic cell-penetrating peptide PEP-NJSM was identified in human virus proteomes by a screening of charge clusters in protein sequences generating Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPP). PEP-NJSM was selectively active against Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis as antibacterial agent with MIC value of 128 µM compared to the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain with MIC value exceeded 512 µM. The selected peptide exhibited an important anti-biofilm activity even at sub-MIC levels. PEP-NJSM could prevent biofilm formation and increase the mortality of cells inside mature S. epidermidis biofilm. The results demonstrated that PEP-NJSM presented an important anti-adherent activity. It showed a S. epidermidis inhibition of biofilm formation >84% at a concentration of 256 µM (2 X MIC) and remained active even at a concentration of 4 µM with 32% of inhibition. The eradication of the established biofilm was observed at a concentration of 256 µM with 55.7% of biofilm eradication. The peptide was active against mature biofilm even at low concentration of 0.5 µM with approximately 22.9% of eradication. PEP-NJSM exhibited low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Our results demonstrate that PEP-NJSM could have a potential role in the treatment of diseases related to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection.

Screening of nucleotide variations in genomic sequences encoding charged protein regions in the human genome.

BACKGROUND: Studying genetic variation distribution in proteins containing charged regions, called charge clusters (CCs), is of great interest to unravel their functional role. Charge clusters are 20 to 75 residue segments with high net positive charge, high net negative charge, or high total charge relative to the overall charge composition of the protein. We previously developed a bioinformatics tool (FCCP) to detect charge clusters in proteomes and scanned the human proteome for the occurrence of CCs. In this paper we investigate the genetic variations in the human proteins harbouring CCs. RESULTS: We studied the coding regions of 317 positively charged clusters and 1020 negatively charged ones previously detected in human proteins. Results revealed that coding parts of CCs are richer in sequence variants than their corresponding genes, full mRNAs, and exonic + intronic sequences and that these variants are predominately rare (Minor allele frequency < 0.005). Furthermore, variants occurring in the coding parts of positively charged regions of proteins are more often pathogenic than those occurring in negatively charged ones. Classification of variants according to their types showed that substitution is the major type followed by Indels (Insertions-deletions). Concerning substitutions, it was found that within clusters of both charges, the charged amino acids were the greatest loser groups whereas polar residues were the greatest gainers. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the prominent features of the human charged regions from the DNA up to the protein sequence which might provide potential clues to improve the current understanding of those charged regions and their implication in the emergence of diseases.

Screening for clusters of charge in human virus proteomes.

BACKGROUND: The identification of charge clusters (runs of charged residues) in proteins and their mapping within the protein structure sequence is an important step toward a comprehensive analysis of how these particular motifs mediate, via electrostatic interactions, various molecular processes such as protein sorting, translocation, docking, orientation and binding to DNA and to other proteins. Few algorithms that specifically identify these charge clusters have been designed and described in the literature. In this study, 197 distinctive human viral proteomes were screened for the occurrence of charge clusters (CC) using a new computational approach. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy three CC have been identified within the 2549 viral protein sequences screened. The number of protein sequences that are CC-free is 2176 (85.3 %) while 150 and 180 proteins contained positive charge (PCC) and negative charge clusters (NCC), respectively. The NCCs (211 detected) were more prevalent than PCC (162). PCC-containing proteins are significantly longer than those having NCCs (p = 2.10-16). The most prevalent virus families having PCC and NCC were Herpesviridae followed by Papillomaviridae. However, the single-strand RNA group has in average three times more NCC than PCC. According to the functional domain classification, a significant difference in distribution was observed between PCC and NCC (p = 2. 10-8) with the occurrence of NCCs being more frequent in C-terminal region while PCC more often fall within functional domains. Only 29 proteins sequences contained both NCC and PCC. Moreover, 101 NCC were conserved in 84 proteins while only 62 PCC were conserved in 60 protein sequences. To understand the mechanism by which the membrane translocation functionalities are embedded in viral proteins, we screened our PCC for sequences corresponding to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) using two online databases: CellPPd and CPPpred. We found that all our PCCs, having length varying from 7 to 30 amino-acids were predicted as CPPs. Experimental validation is required to improve our understanding of the role of these PCCs in viral infection process. CONCLUSIONS: Screening distinctive cluster charges in viral proteomes suggested a functional role of these protein regions and might provide potential clues to improve the current understanding of viral diseases in order to tailor better preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Nonclassical human leukocyte antigen (HLA-G, HLA-E, and HLA-F) in coronary artery disease.

AIMS: Several evidences suggest the association between the evolution of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the development of coronary syndrome that is often associated with disrupted plaque and partial or complete thrombosis of the related artery. Because of the inflammatory nature of CAD, we investigated the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G, HLA-E, and HLA-F genetic polymorphisms within CAD patients and evaluated their potential association with this disease in Tunisian population. METHODS: Different polymorphisms in HLA-G (14-bp Insertion/Deletion, +3142C/G), HLA-E (HLA-E*01:01/01:03 A/G), HLA-F (HLA-F*01:02 T/C, 01:03 C/T, 01:04 A/C) genes were typed using different laboratory techniques in a cohort of 89 CAD patients and 84 controls. RESULTS: A significant association was reported between the HLA-G +3142 G allele (OR=1.64, 95% CI=1.05-2.56, p=0.02) and increased risk of CAD. No association was found for the other studied polymorphisms. When we considered the haplotypes, we found TDELCA and TDELGG haplotypes associated to CAD with p=0.008 and p=0.030, respectively, suggesting the potential interaction between HLA-G and HLA-E genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that the HLA-G +3142C/G polymorphism and TDELCA and TDELGG haplotypes can harbour a reliable diagnosis value for the risk of CAD development suggesting that HLA-G, -E and -F molecules might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, further studies are necessary to confirm our results.

Determination of arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency allele and haplotype frequency in the Tunisian population.

Arylsulfatase A (ASA) is a lysosomal enzyme involved in the catabolism of cerebroside sulfate. ASA deficiency is associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Low ASA activities have also been reported in a more common condition with no apparent clinical consequences termed ASA pseudo-deficiency (ASA-PD) which is associated with two linked mutations in the ASA gene (c.1049A>G and c.*96A>G). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of the two ASA-PD variants and their linkage disequilibrium (LD) among Tunisians. ASA-PD variants were detected in 129 healthy Tunisians and their frequencies were compared to those described worldwide. The frequency of the PD allele was estimated at 17.4% for the overall sample, with c.1049A>G and c.*96A>G frequencies of 25.6 and 17.4%, respectively. This study also revealed a high LD between the two ASA-PD variants (r(2) = 0.61). Inter-population analysis revealed similarities in the ASA-PD genetic structure between Tunisians and populations from Middle East with c.*96A>G frequencies being the highest in the world. A significant North vs. South genetic differentiation in the ASA-PD frequency was also observed in Tunisian population who seems genetically intermediate between Africans, Middle-Easterners and Europeans. This is the first report on the allele frequency of the ASA-PD in North Africa, revealing a relatively high frequency of the PD allele among Tunisians. This study gives also evidence on the importance of discriminating ASA-PD allele from pathological mutations causing MLD and supporting enzymatic activity testing with both sulfatiduria determination and genetic testing in the differential diagnosis of MLD in the Tunisian population.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: a new theory for sHLA-G in breast cancer patients?

It is now widely recognized that HLA-G molecule is implicated in immune tolerance and particularly in immune subversion of tumor cells. In this study, we explored levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in plasma samples obtained from women with breast cancer (BC). Additionally, we correlated sHLA-G concentration with pregnancy and breastfeeding history. We reported in this preliminary work significant differences in sHLA-G levels between BC patients with/without breastfeeding experience (p = 0.04). Interestingly, among women with BC, only those without previous pregnancy experience present significant increase in sHLA-G (p = 0.02). Of relevance, we demonstrated that patients without both pregnancy and breastfeeding history have advanced SBR III grade, associated with significant enhancement in tumor size compared with patients who had both experiences (p = 0.028). Taken together, our results indicate the potential implication of previous pregnancy and breastfeeding experience in sHLA-G expression during BC. We theorized that having pregnancy and breastfeeding history may protect against advanced BC stages.

Exploring proteome-wide occurrence of clusters of charged residues in eukaryotes.

Clusters of charged residues are one of the key features of protein primary structure since they have been associated to important functions of proteins. Here, we present a proteome wide scan for the occurrence of Charge Clusters in Protein sequences using a new search tool (FCCP) based on a score-based methodology. The FCCP was run to search charge clusters in seven eukaryotic proteomes: Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that negative charge clusters (NCCs) are three to four times more frequent than positive charge clusters (PCCs). The Drosophila proteome is on average the most charged, whereas the human proteome is the least charged. Only 3 to 8% of the studied protein sequences have negative charge clusters, while 1.6 to 3% having PCCs and only 0.07 to 0.6% have both types of clusters. NCCs are localized predominantly in the N-terminal and C-terminal domains, while PCCs tend to be localized within the functional domains of the protein sequences. Furthermore, the gene ontology classification revealed that the protein sequences with negative and PCCs are mainly binding proteins.