Dynamic potential and surface morphology study of sertraline membrane sensors.

New rapid, sensitive and simple electrometric method was developed to determine sertraline hydrochloride (Ser-Cl) in its pure raw material and pharmaceutical formulations. Membrane sensors based on heteropolyacids as ion associating material were prepared. Silicomolybdic acid (SMA), silicotungstic acid (STA) and phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) were used. The slope and limit of detection are 50.00, 60.00 and 53.24 mV/decade and 2.51, 5.62 and 4.85 µmol L(-1) for Ser-ST, Ser-PM and Ser-SM membrane sensors, respectively. Linear range is 0.01-10.00 for the three sensors. These new sensors were used for the potentiometric titration of Ser-Cl using sodium tetraphenylborate as titrant. The surface morphologies of the prepared membranes with and without the modifier (ion-associate) were studied using scanning and atomic force microscopes.

Surface morphology changes of polymer membrane and carbon paste sertraline sensors.

Polymer membrane and chemically modified carbon paste (CMCP) sensors for determination of sertraline HCl (Ser-Cl) incorporating sertraline tetraphenylborate (Ser-TPB) as an electro-active material were constructed. They showed a rapid and linear response for Ser-ion over the concentration range 0.01-10.00 mmol L(-1). The limits of detection were 2.80 and 9.55 µmol L(-1), and Nernastian slopes were 56.60, 59.60 mV decade(-1) for membrane and CMCP sensors for batch method. In flow injection analysis (FIA), the electrodes revealed comparatively good selectivity for Ser-ion with regard to a wide variety of different cations, sugars, and amino acids. The addition of different anionic additives, namely sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB), potassium tetraphenylborate (KTPB), potassium tetrakis[3,5-bis-(triflouromethyl)phenyl]borate (KTFMPB), and sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl]borate (NaTFMPB), to the prepared mixture improved their response characteristics. The surface morphologies of membrane films containing PVC only (blank), plasticizer+PVC, Ser-TPB+plasticizer+PVC, and Ser-TPB +plasticizer+PVC+additive were studied using scanning and atomic force electron microscopes. These sensors had been used in the potentiometric titration of Ser-ion against NaTPB. Standard addition method for the pure raw material and some of its pharmaceutical tablets was used for Ser-Cl determination. The obtained results were tested for their repeatability and reproducibility and were statistically treated by F- and t- tests.

Single and mixed chemically modified carbon paste ion-selective electrodes for determination of ketotifen fumarate.

New modified carbon paste electrodes for determination of ketotifen fumarate in its pure and pharmaceutical preparations were constructed. The used modifiers are ketotifen phosphotungestate (Keto(3) PT), and ketotifen tetraphenylborate (Keto-TPB). Single and mixed ion-associate electrodes were prepared. Both Keto-TPB and mixed (Keto-TPB and Keto(3) PT) electrodes have a linearity range of 1.00 × 10(-5) -1.00 × 10(-2) mol L(-1) . The slopes were 58.30 and 54.20 mV/decade for Keto-TPB and mixed chemically modified carbon paste electrodes (CMCPE), respectively. The limits of detection were 1.42 × 10(-6) and 1.00 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) for Keto-TPB and mixed CMCPEs, respectively. The potential variation due to pH change is considered acceptable in the pH ranges 4.44-9.11 and 2.50-9.00 for Keto-TPB and mixed ion-exchanger CMCPE, respectively. The response time was ≤10 s for both electrodes. Selectivity coefficients values towards different inorganic cations, sugars, and amino acids reflect high selectivity of the prepared electrodes. Potentiometric titrations and standard addition methods were applied for the determination of ketotifen ion in its pure samples and pharmaceutical formulations (Zaditen tablet and syrup) using proposed electrodes. The electrodes were also tested in flow injection analysis (FIA). The results obtained from both methods were statistically treated by F- and t-tests. The carbon paste electrodes have the advantages of being more easily prepared and longer life span compared to the plastic membrane electrodes previously reported.

Flow injection determination of ketotifen fumarate using PVC membrane selective electrodes.

In this study a PVC membrane electrode for determination of ketotifen fumarate is reported, where ketotifen tetraphenylborate (Keto-TPB) was used as ion exchanger. The electrode has linear range of 5.6x10(-6)-1.0x10(-2) and 1.0x10(-5)-1.0x10(-2) mol/L, with detection limits 2.37x10(-6)and 4.60x10(-6) mol/L in batch and flow injection analysis (FIA), respectively. The electrodes show a Nernstian slope value (58.40 and 61.50 mV/decade in batch and FIA, respectively), and the response time is very short (

Cation-exchange of metal ions in organic solvent-cupferron media.

Distribution coefficients of 20 metal ions were determined on the strongly acidic cation-exchanger Dowex 50 in a 30:7:1 mixture of chloroform-methanol-lM hydrochloric acid which was 0.1M in cupferron. In this system the distribution coefficients of Fe(in), Ti(TV), Cu(II), Ce(III) and Th are lower by several orders of magnitude than those of Ni, Mn(II), Cd, Co(II), Ca, U(VI), and Sr. It is possible to separate these two groups of elements on an ion-exchange column.

Cation-exchange separation of uranium from other elements in tetrahydrofuran-nitric acid media containing trioctylphosphine oxide.

The batch distribution coefficients of Cu(II), Za, Cd, Fe(III), Hg(II), Mg, Co(II), Ni, Pb, Ca and Bi were determined on the strongly acidic cation-exchange resin Dowex 50 x 8 in 0.1M trioctylphosphine oxide in tetrahydrofuran-5% 12M nitric acid. In this mixture all these metal ions, except Bi, have high K(d)-values and can be separated quantitatively from uranium which has a distribution coefficient of 0.1. Mixtures of U with Cu, Ni, Co, Cd or Fe were analysed to test the applicability of such separations. Different titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the elements subsequent to their separation from uranium on ion-exchange columns. The results show that accurate and effective separations can be achieved.