ABSTRACT
Ebstein anomaly is a rare malformation of the tricuspid valve of the heart. The malformed tricuspid valve may be incompetent, stenotic, or rarely, imperforate. Pregnant patients with Ebstein anomaly become a challenge for the physician in terms of management. We report a case in which patient delivered successfully with Ebstein anomaly. The only complication was breathlessness. Authors concluded that women with Ebstein anomaly can have successful outcomes of pregnancy with close monitoring.
Subject(s)
Ebstein Anomaly , Patient Care Management/methods , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular , Tricuspid Valve , Adult , Dyspnea/diagnosis , Dyspnea/etiology , Ebstein Anomaly/diagnosis , Ebstein Anomaly/physiopathology , Echocardiography/methods , Female , Fetal Monitoring/methods , Humans , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Pakistan , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/physiopathology , Pregnancy Outcome , Treatment Outcome , Tricuspid Valve/abnormalities , Tricuspid Valve/diagnostic imaging , Tricuspid Valve/physiopathology , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
The biological paradox about how extremophiles persist at extreme ecological conditions throws a fascinating picture of the enormous potential of a single cell to adapt to homeostatic conditions in order to propagate. Unicellular organisms face challenges from both environmental factors and the ecological niche provided by the host tissue. Although the existence of extremophiles and their physiological properties were known for a long time, availability of whole genome sequence has catapulted the study on mechanisms of adaptation and the underlying principles that have enabled these unique organisms to withstand evolutionary and environmental pressures. Comparative genomics has shown that extremophiles possess the unique set of genes and proteins that empower them with biochemical machinery necessary to thrive in extreme environments. The presence of these proteins safeguards the cell against a wide array of extreme conditions such as temperature, pressure, radiations, chemicals, drugs etc. An insight into these adaptive mechanisms in extremophiles may help us to devise strategies to alter the genes and proteins that may have therapeutic potential and commercial value. Here we present an overview of the various adaptations in extremophiles. We also try to explain how mycobacterium channelizes its proteome to survive in stress conditions posed by host immune system.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Extremophiles/metabolism , Mycobacterium/metabolism , Proteome/metabolism , Animals , Biological Evolution , Genomics , HumansABSTRACT
Phospholipase D (PLD; E.C. 3.1.4.4) is widespread in plants where it fulfills diverse functions in growth and in the response to stresses. The enzyme occurs in multiple forms that differ in their biochemical properties. In the present paper PLD from medicinally relevant Indian mustard seeds was purified by Ca(2+)-mediated hydrophobic interaction and anion exchange chromatography to electrophoretic homogeneity. Based on mass-spectrometric sequence analysis of tryptic protein fragments, oligonucleotide primers for cloning genomic DNA fragments that encoded the enzyme were designed and used to derive the complete amino acid sequence of this PLD. The sequence data, as well as the molecular properties (molecular mass of 92.0 kDa, pI 5.39, maximum activity at pH 5.5-6.0 and Ca(2+) ion concentrations ⩾60 mM), allowed the assignment of this enzyme to the class of α-type PLDs. The apparent kinetic parameters Vmax and Km, determined for the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in an aqueous mixed-micellar system were 356±15 µmol min(-1) mg(-1) and 1.84±0.17 mM, respectively. Phosphate analogs such as NaAlF4 and Na3VO4 displayed strong inhibition of the enzyme. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate had a strong activating effect at 2-10 mM CaCl2. PLD was inactivated at temperatures >45 °C. The enzyme exhibited the highest activity toward PC followed by phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. PCs with short-chain fatty acids were better substrates than PCs with long fatty acid chains. Lyso-PC was not accepted as substrate.
Subject(s)
Mustard Plant/chemistry , Phospholipase D/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Kinetics , Molecular Weight , Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism , Phospholipase D/chemistry , Phospholipase D/isolation & purification , Seeds/chemistry , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
This is the first report on the identification and partial characterization of phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) from Allium sativum (garlic) bulbs (PLD(GB)). The enzyme shares the phenomenon of interfacial activation with other lipolytic enzymes, i.e. the hydrolytic rate increases when the substrate changes to a more aggregated state. The enzyme activity is highly temperature tolerant and the temperature optimum was measured to be 70 degrees C. PLD(GB) unlike many plant PLDs exhibited high thermal stability. It was activated further after exposure to high temperatures, i.e. 80 degrees C, indicating that the enzyme refolds better upon cooling back to room temperature after short exposure to thermal stress. The activity of PLD(GB) is optimum in 70mM calcium ion concentration and the enzyme is activated further in the presence of phosphatidyl-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). PLD(GB) exhibited both hydrolytic and transphosphatidylation activities, both of which appear to be higher than those of PLD from cabbage leaves (PLD(CL)).
Subject(s)
Garlic/enzymology , Phospholipase D/chemistry , Alcohol Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Brassica/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme Stability , Garlic/metabolism , Hot Temperature , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Protein Folding , Species Specificity , TemperatureABSTRACT
The lone oligosaccharide chain of stem bromelain was oxidized with periodic acid to generate aldehyde groups and the resulting oxidized enzyme coupled to amino-Sepharose in order to obtain an immobilized preparation with uniformly oriented enzyme. The immobilized bromelain exhibited high proteolytic activity and remarkably enhanced thermal stability as compared to soluble bromelain and that coupled to CNBr activated Sepharose.
Subject(s)
Bromelains/chemistry , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Ananas/enzymology , Bromelains/metabolism , Enzyme Stability , Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Sepharose/chemistry , Substrate Specificity , TemperatureABSTRACT
Phospholipase D (PLD) activity has been identified in some new plant sources i.e. Brassica juncea (mustard) seeds, Zingibar officinale (ginger) rhizomes and Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves with the aim of identifying PLDs that possess high catalytic activity and stability. PLD from mustard seeds (PLD(ms)) exhibited the highest PLD specific activity, which was highly pH and temperature tolerant. PLD(ms) unlike many plant PLDs exhibited high thermal stability. The activity of PLD(ms) is optimum in the millimolar concentration of calcium ions and is independent of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). An active and stable enzyme like PLD(ms) may be utilized in the lipid industry.
