Epidemic of lumpy skin disease in Pakistan.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects farm animals including water buffalo. It is caused by the contagious LSD virus, a member of the Poxiviridae family's Capripox genus. Skin sores are thought to be the most common site of infection since the virus may live for lengthy periods in lesions or scabs. The first clinical indications of LSD were described in Zambia, in 1929. Pakistan has also been afflicted by LSD, with a high number of animals infected at many cattle ranches in Karachi, 190,000 cases of LSD have been reported nationwide, with greater than 7500 deaths attributable to the illness. LSD has a huge influence on Pakistan's economic status, resulting in the loss of cattle and a decrease in milk output. The Ministry of Research and National Food Safety in Pakistan has formed a working group to create a framework for controlling the spread of LSD in cattle and buffalo. Official and private veterinarians, both field and slaughterhouse, veterinary students, farmers, cattle merchants, cattle truck drivers, and artificial inseminators should all participate in awareness efforts.

Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It has financial and quality of life impact on patients. Although there has been a significant advancement in treatments, a considerable number of patients do not respond to it or have severe side effects. Therapeutic approaches such as electrical neuromodulation are being investigated to provide alternate options. Although bioelectric neuromodulation technology has evolved significantly in the last decade, sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for fecal incontinence remains the only neuromodulation protocol commonly utilized use for GI disease. For IBD treatment, several electrical neuromodulation techniques have been studied, such as vagus NS, SNS, and tibial NS. Several animal and clinical experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness, with encouraging results. The precise underlying mechanisms of action for electrical neuromodulation are unclear, but this modality appears to be promising. Randomized control trials are required to investigate the efficacy of intrinsic processes. In this review, we will discuss the electrical modulation therapy for the IBD and the data pertaining to it.

Systematic lupus erythematous patients following COVID-19 vaccination: Its flares up and precautions.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can cause both direct and indirect inflammatory damage to multiple organs. Clinical symptoms in the skin, joints, kidneys, and central nervous system, as well as serological indicators such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), notable antibodies to dsDNA, are used to diagnose SLE. mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been shown to trigger SLE flares and the development of new rheumatic diseases. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations increase type I interferon (INF), which is not only known to have a role in the antiviral response but is also a crucial cytokine in the pathophysiology of SLE. Furthermore, both the mRNA and adenovirus vaccines boost the production of type 1 interferons, which are required for the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The danger of not administering the COVID-19 vaccination to SLE patients is significantly larger than the likelihood of its adverse effects, which are most likely caused by intrinsic immune failure, demographic disease activity, medications, linked organ damage, and comorbidities. The adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccination in SLE patients are common (about 50%), although they do not interfere with daily functioning in the majority of cases. Several precautions can be taken to avoid the complications associated with COVID-19 vaccinations.

Monkeypox has devastated the world; should we prepare for the outbreak of a new pandemic?

The monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxy virus family, causes fever, lethargy, headache, lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and rash, as well as various complications such as superimposed infections, sepsis, keratitis, encephalitis, and bronchopneumonia. Following replication at the site of injection, the virus often enters by the oropharynx, nasopharynx, or intradermal pathway, spreading to lymph nodes before viremia, promoting viral dissemination to other organ systems. Monkeypox cases have recently been brought to WHO's notice from 12 presently non-endemic member nations spread over three WHO regions, with 92 laboratory-confirmed cases and 28 cases of suspicion as of May 21, 2022. Monkeypox is presently endemic in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. Monkeypox cases have been detected all across the world, posing a challenge to healthcare infrastructure that is still recovering from the COVID-19 outbreak. Close monitoring and exact data collecting, the implementation of successful programs across the world, and public support of preventative measures are some of the strategies being used to cope with the increasing incidence of monkeypox.