ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It is recognised that the risk of prostate cancer is higher in black men than in white men worldwide. Recent studies suggest that a number of genetic mutations in black men predispose them to this disease; hence, race as well as environmental factors such as diet and migration are thought to be the determining factors. METHODS: This review compares data from the United States (US), which suggest that African-American men have a 60% higher risk for developing prostate cancer with poorer prognosis in comparison with their white counterparts, with similar studies carried out in the United Kingdom (UK) and also in African and Caribbean countries. CONCLUSIONS: Studies from the United States and the United Kingdom came to significantly different conclusions, and this has implications for policy development, awareness raising among black men in each country and clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Black People/statistics & numerical data , Black or African American/statistics & numerical data , Prostatic Neoplasms/ethnology , Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology , Africa/ethnology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Caribbean Region/ethnology , Cost of Illness , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Feeding Behavior , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prostatic Neoplasms/blood , Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics , Prostatic Neoplasms/mortality , Reproducibility of Results , Research Design , Risk Factors , Testosterone/blood , United Kingdom/epidemiology , United States/epidemiology , White People/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To measure HIV prevalence and characterize associated risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDU) upon detention in Tehran, Iran. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey included 459 male IDU arrested by police during a police sweep in Tehran in 2006. A questionnaire was completed, and blood was collected for HIV testing. RESULTS: Overall HIV prevalence was 24.4% (95% confidence interval 20.5-28.6). Factors independently associated with HIV infection included history of using an opioid in jail (adjusted odds ratio 2.11, 95% confidence interval 1.26-3.53) and older age (adjusted odds ratio 2.79 for 25-34, 3.01 for 35-44, 4.62 for > or = 45 yr). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that incarceration is contributing to the increased spread of HIV. Harm reduction programs should be urgently expanded, particularly among incarcerated IDU.
