ABSTRACT
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a highly potent chemotherapy drug. But its nephrotoxicity poses a significant limitation to its use. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been proposed to play a role in drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This systematic review (SR) sought to identify the link between CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and the RAS pathway. In this SR, relevant keywords were employed to explore databases such as PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus (Elsevier), and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science up to October 2023. Nine studies were selected based on predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The findings support the involvement of the RAS in the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity model, along with the activation of inflammatory mediators, lipid peroxidation, and changes in markers of kidney tissue damage. Furthermore, physiology and pathology of RAS-related interventions in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity models have involved the factors such as human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2), organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 (OATP1B1) and 1B3, kallikrein-kinin system, and bradykinin receptors. CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity has been found to be substantially influenced by both classic and nonclassic RAS axes. Angiotensin II exacerbates renal damage induced by CDDP. Conversely, inhibiting the pressor arm of RAS in males mitigates this damage. However, activation of the renal vasodepressor arm of RAS exacerbates CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity in females. These findings underscore gender differences in renal function and response to RAS-related interventions in the presence of CDDP. This SR provides insights into both beneficial and adverse interventions associated with RAS in the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, offering valuable considerations for researchers and clinicians.
ABSTRACT
Through the Mas receptor, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] has been shown to have a key role in the development of lung inflammation. This systematic review (SR) sought to identify the relationship between lung damage brought on by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) and the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas pathway. In this investigation, relevant keywords were used to search PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus (Elsevier), and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science up to December 2022. Nine studies were chosen because they satisfied the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The majority of research concluded that exposure to CS increased the risk of lung damage. Smoking cigarettes is the main cause of COPD because it causes massive amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to enter the lungs, which stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as the invasion of inflammatory cells like neutrophils and macrophages. These findings support the renin-angiotensin system's (RAS) involvement in the pathophysiology of smoking-induced damage. Additionally, via stimulating pro-inflammatory mediators, aberrant RAS activity has been linked to lung damage. Lung inflammation's etiology has been shown to be significantly influenced by the protective known RAS arm ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas. In conclusion, these are important for informing policymakers to pass legislation limiting the use of smoking and other tobacco to prevent their harmful effects.
ABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Los trastornos del sueño son frecuentes en niños. El 10-20% de los lactantes se despiertan habitualmente durante la noche y necesitan ayuda para dormirse. Se han asociado distintos factores con el insomnio infantil: complicaciones perinatales, estrés familiar, lactancia materna y los hábitos o conductas del sueño poco apropiados. Objetivos: Conocer cuáles son los hábitos del sueño de los niños entre 6 meses y 2 años que acuden a consulta, así como las pautas que siguen los padres para dormir a los niños. Métodos: Durante un período de tiempo de 1 año se realizó una encuesta a padres de niños entre 6 meses y 2 años cuando acudieron a las revisiones habituales. Resultados: La mayoría de los padres realiza algún "acto" para dormir a sus hijos. El 48,6% duermen con ellos en la misma habitación. El 53,1% les acunan, mecen, duermen en brazos, alimentan o intervienen de alguna manera para que se duerman. El 10,8% de los niños se despiertan habitualmente de noche. En estos casos, sólo el 7,2% de los padres deja que concilien de nuevo el sueño solos. Conclusiones: En general, los padres realizan de forma incorrecta el acto de dormir a sus hijos. Esto se traduce en que la mayoría de los niños no tienen establecido un hábito del sueño y se despiertan de forma habitual durante la noche. La manera más eficaz de prevenir estos trastornos es crear el hábito del sueño al niño desde los primeros meses de vida. El pediatra en atención primaria debe ofrecer información correcta a los padres con el fin de prevenir estos trastornos (AU)
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Humans , Infant Behavior , Arteriovenous Malformations , Angiomatosis , Infant Care , Lymphangioma , Hemangioma , Sleep Wake Disorders , Sleep , Parenting , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sleeping problems are common in children. Approximately 10-20 % of infants regularly wake up at night and need help in resettling. Various factors have been associated with night waking such as perinatal problems, family stress, breast feeding and inappropriate sleep behavior. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sleep behavior in children who visit the pediatrician, as well as the routines followed by parents to get their children to sleep. METHODS: For a period of 1 year, a questionnaire was given to the parents of children aged between 6 months and 2 years attending for routine check-ups. RESULTS: Most parents performed some activity to get their children to sleep. A total of 48.6 % slept with the child in the same room, 53.2 % rocked, picked up, soothed, fed or interacted with their children to help them fall asleep. Regular night waking was found in 10.8 % of children. In these cases, only 7.2 % of parents left their children to fall asleep again alone. CONCLUSIONS: In general, parents' measures to help their children fall asleep are inappropriate, resulting in problems of falling asleep and night waking. The most effective way to prevent these problems is to introduce consistent routines in the first few months of life. To prevent these problems, primary care pediatricians should provide guidance to parents.
