ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: When a new disease occurs, one of the most affordable remedies is drugs containing specific antibodies to this infectious agent. The use of such drugs is aimed at reducing the amount of the pathogen in the macroorganism and the associated reduction in the severity of the symptoms of the disease or recovery. The purpose of this review is to analyze the experience of using immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of COVID-19 patients during the pandemic. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The two main groups of medical protective agents that block the penetration of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into permissive cells are drugs obtained from blood plasma of convalescents (immunoglobulin) and human monoclonal antibodies. The first group of drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 includes blood plasma of convalescents, which can be successfully used for emergency prevention. The main disadvantage of using blood plasma convalescents is the difficulty of standardization due to the different content of specific antibodies in donors. Another disadvantage is the undesirable side effects in recipients that occur after plasma administration. An alternative approach to COVID-19 therapy is the use of humanized and genetically engineered human monoclonal antibodies against certain epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. For example, monoclonal antibodies against receptor-binding domain of the S-protein, which prevents the virus from entering permissive cells and interrupts the development of infection. The advantages of these drugs are their safety, high specific activity, and the possibility of standardization. However, the complexity of their production and high cost make them inaccessible for mass use in practical medicine.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/therapy , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use , Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use , Immunoglobulins/immunology , COVID-19 Drug Treatment , COVID-19 Serotherapy , Immunization, Passive , Pandemics , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
AIM: Evaluate safety of prophylaxis of viral hemorrhagic fevers by specific heterologous immunoglobulins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical-laboratory examination of 24 individuals after intramuscular administration of heterologous Ebola immunoglobulin was carried out. Anaphylactogenicity of the immunoglobulins was studied by WD 42-28-8-89 in guinea pigs compared with commercial preparations. RESULTS: Immediate type reactions were not observed. In individuals with normal anamnesis the number of local reactions was 31%, general in the form of lung serum disease - 13%. In individuals with unfavorable anamnesis against the background of desensitization therapy there were almost no reactions; without it local reactions were present in 50%, mild severity serum lung disease - in 17%, medium - in 33%. Immunoglobulins against especially dangerous viral agents by anaphylactogenic properties did not differ from commercial heterologous preparations. CONCLUSION: Application of specific immunoglobulins from horse blood sera (the main means of protection from dangerous and especially dangerous exotic viral infections) with compliance by desensitization principles is relatively safe. Safe level of sensitization properties is characterized by anaphylaxis index up to 3.7 for guinea pigs.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage , Ebola Vaccines/administration & dosage , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control , Immunoglobulins/administration & dosage , Adult , Anaphylaxis , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Ebola Vaccines/blood , Ebolavirus/immunology , Female , Guinea Pigs , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology , Horses , Humans , Immunization , Immunoglobulins/blood , Injections, Intramuscular , Lung , MaleABSTRACT
The experiments on guinea pigs showed that arbidol administered orally in a single dose 24 hours prior vaccination with TEOVAC and ridostin administered in a single dose intranasally on the 4th day after the vaccination lowered the vaccine virus accumulation in the animal organs and tissue without any effect on the vaccine immunogeneity. The results are someway indicative of the possible use of the interferon inductors for prevention of postvaccinal reactions to TEOVAC.
Subject(s)
Indoles/administration & dosage , Interferon Inducers/administration & dosage , RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage , RNA, Fungal/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Vaccination/adverse effects , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Oral , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Indoles/immunology , Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
The time course of changes in the activity of solutions of horseradish peroxidase conjugates with immunoglobulins against Ebola and Marburg fevers was studied in the presence of different components. The series of the conjugates of ELISA kits for the detection of Ebola and Marburg virus antigens, which were prepared on the basis of the designed stabilizing solution, preserved at less than 90% of its baseline activity during 10 months at a storage temperature of 2 to 8 degrees C.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification , Ebolavirus/isolation & purification , Horseradish Peroxidase/chemistry , Marburg Virus Disease/diagnosis , Marburgvirus/isolation & purification , Animals , Antigens, Viral/immunology , Ebolavirus/immunology , Enzyme Stability , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola , Immunoglobulins/chemistry , Immunoglobulins/immunology , Marburgvirus/immunologyABSTRACT
The efficacy of the antiviral agents nucleoside analogues manufactured in Russia and foreign countries against Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in the treatment and rapid prevention regimens was studied in guinea pigs. In rapid prevention and treatment of guinea pigs, the intraperitoneal injection of 1/10 of the equivalent dose of vero-ribavirin for this animal species was ascertained to protect 70% of the animals infected with Machupo virus strain Carvallo in doses 8 and 10 LD50.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Arenaviruses, New World/drug effects , Hemorrhagic Fever, American/drug therapy , Ribavirin/therapeutic use , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Capsules , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Guinea Pigs , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Ribavirin/administration & dosage , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model was proven to be appropriate in investigating the protective properties of a heterological immunoglobulin against Bolivian hemorrhagic fever at the preclinical stage of the study. A highly pathogenic Machupo virus strain that caused guinea pigs' death with respect with an agent's dose was cultivated. Injection of 1.0 ml of the immunoglobulin provided a 100% protective effect for the guinea pigs infected with the highly pathogenic Machupo virus strain in a dose of 10 LD50.
Subject(s)
Arenaviridae Infections/therapy , Arenaviruses, New World , Immunoglobulins/administration & dosage , Immunoglobulins/immunology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Guinea Pigs , Injections, IntramuscularABSTRACT
The use of guinea pigs as a laboratory model was proven to be appropriate in investigating the vaccines developed against Lassa fever at the preclinical study stage. An adapted variant of Lassa virus was cultivated, which caused death of guinea pigs with respect for an agent's dose. Finally, it was shown to be possible to investigate the immunogenic and protective properties of the inactivated antigen of Lassa virus in experiments with guinea pigs.
