ABSTRACT
The complexity of biological objects and the rapid change in their composition after sampling, the variety of compounds of different chemical nature, possessing oxidative and antioxidant properties, make the task of its estimating extremely nontrivial and important for food, nutrients and human health characterization. The paper discusses the use of potentiometry in determining integral antioxidant/oxidant activity mainly of biological fluids and human skin. The source of information is the electrode potential shift that occurs when the analyzed object is inserted in the solution of the mediator system or when the mediator system is exposed to human skin. The experimental approaches, protocols, calculations are described. A number of examples of antioxidant activity and oxidative stress estimation in medicine are presented. The works show lower levels of antioxidant activity (AOA) of plasma and blood serum in patients with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and malignant neoplasms as compared with the healthy volunteers. It was found out that antioxidant activity of fertile men semen is higher than AOA of infertile patients. Using the method discussed have shown that in some infertile male patients antioxidant activity of semen has been accompanied by oxidant activity. It has been found, that antioxidant activity of skin increases after intake of ascorbic acid and vitamin-enriched juices. The described approach holds considerable promise for monitoring oxidative stress of the whole organism and its systems, and for selecting effective and safe therapy. Thus, it opens up new opportunities in expanding the use of analytical chemistry in such an important field as medicine.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Medicine , Oxidative Stress , Potentiometry/methods , Disease , HumansABSTRACT
Aqueous suspension of magnetite nanoparticles with primary diameter of 10 nm were intratracheally administered into rat lungs. In 24 h, cells were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and examined under a transmission electron microscope. Alveolar macrophages demonstrated ability to actively uptake single nanoparticles and small aggregates composed of such particles, which then formed larger conglomerates inside fused phagosomes. Some of these mature phagosomes shed the membrane and free nanoparticles closely interacted with nuclear membrane and with cristae and mitochondrial membranes thereby inflicting pronounced damage to these intracellular structures. The loss of primary lysosomes can be viewed as indirect evidence attesting to the role played by diffusion of lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes in the final destruction of the alveolar macrophages provoked by nanoparticles.
Subject(s)
Ferrosoferric Oxide/administration & dosage , Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects , Magnetite Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Respiratory System/drug effects , Administration, Inhalation , Animals , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Cell Nucleus/drug effects , Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure , Female , Ferrosoferric Oxide/chemistry , Intracellular Membranes/drug effects , Intracellular Membranes/ultrastructure , Lysosomes/drug effects , Lysosomes/ultrastructure , Macrophages, Alveolar/ultrastructure , Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/ultrastructure , Particle Size , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Phagosomes/drug effects , Phagosomes/ultrastructure , Rats , Respiratory System/cytologyABSTRACT
The authors compared cytotoxicity of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles in nanometric ranges (10 nm and 50 nm) and micrometer range (1 microm), analyzing changes in cellular subunits of bronchoalveolar lavage in 24 hours after intratracheal application of the particles. Findings are that the nanoparticles are more biologically aggressive than the micrometric particles, but induce more active and effective defensive reaction of alveolar fagocytosis.
