Influence of right ventricular structure and function on hospital outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the right ventricular (RV) structure and function on the in-hospital outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection has not been rigorously investigated. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of our study was to investigate in-hospital outcomes including mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, pressor support, associated with RV dilatation, and RV systolic dysfunction in COVID-19 patients without a history of pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: It was a single academic tertiary center, retrospective cohort study of 997 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. One hundred ninty-four of those patients did not have a history of pulmonary hypertension and underwent transthoracic echocardiography at the request of the treating physicians for clinical indications. Clinical endpoints which included mortality, ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation or pressor support were abstracted from the electronic charts. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 68+/-16 years old and 42% of the study population were females. COPD was reported in 13% of the study population, whereas asthma was 10%, and CAD was 25%. The mean BMI was 29.8+/-9.5 kg/m2. Overall mortality was 27%, 46% in ICU patients, and 9% in the rest of the cohort. There were no significant differences in co-morbidities between expired patients and the survivors. A total of 19% of patients had evidence of RV dilatation and 17% manifested decreased RV systolic function. RV dilatation or decreased RV systolic function were noted in 24% of the total study population. RV dilatation was significantly more common in expired patients (15% vs 29%, p = 0.026) and was associated with increased mortality in patients treated in the ICU (HR 2.966, 95%CI 1.067-8.243, p = 0.037), who did not need require positive pressure ventilation, IV pressor support or acute hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalized COVID-19 patients without a history of pulmonary hypertension, RV dilatation is associated with a 2-fold increase in inpatient mortality and a 3-fold increase in ICU mortality.

Confirmed Grayanotoxin Poisoning with Bradycardia from a Gift of Imported Honey.

BACKGROUND: Human grayanotoxin poisoning is distinctly uncommon in North America, as the predominant source of human exposure is honey made by bees pollinating rhododendron species in the Mediterranean. We present a case of confirmed grayanotoxin poisoning from honey imported from Turkey. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old man developed nausea, lightheadedness, and lost consciousness. Onset was 30 min after the ingestion of honey that was brought to the United States from Turkey. Emergency medical services found him bradycardic, hypotensive, and unresponsive. He was treated with atropine, saline, and oxygen, at which point his heart rate and blood pressure improved, and he regained consciousness. A similar episode several days earlier was followed by a brief unrevealing hospitalization. He was again hospitalized, and had a normal echocardiogram, telemetric monitoring, and complete laboratory studies. Grayanotoxins I and III were subsequently identified in the patient's blood, urine, and honey. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Grayanotoxins are diterpenoids found in rhododendron species, whose clinical effects span multiple organ systems including gastrointestinal, cardiac, and neurologic. Treatment is largely supportive, and a good response to atropine and intravenous fluids has been described. Laboratory confirmation of grayanotoxins is not available in a short enough turnaround time to be clinically useful during immediate management, but confirmatory testing may obviate further unnecessary evaluation. Grayanotoxins are likely to remain a rare source of poisoning in North America, but recurrent bradycardia without alternative etiology should prompt a thorough exposure history, which may reveal, as in this case, a treatable toxicologic etiology.

Post-Infarction Ventricular Septal Rupture Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Mechanical Circulatory Support as a Bridge to Definitive Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a devastating complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and is often associated with cardiogenic shock. Although considered to be very rare in the reperfusion era, recent reports have demonstrated an increased frequency of post-MI VSR cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite advances in surgical repair and management strategies over the past decades, mortality rate has remained high, especially in hemodynamically unstable patients. In VSR patients with cardiogenic shock, the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) could be used as a bridge to surgical intervention. We report a patient with VSR complicated by cardiogenic shock secondary to late presenting MI, managed successfully with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a bridge to surgical intervention.

Systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis overlap syndrome complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage: case-based review.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) overlap syndrome is an inflammatory disorder with a mixed presentation that is characterized by clinical features of both SLE and AAV. Although renal disease predominates, any organ system in the body may be affected. Neurologic manifestation in patients with SLE-AAV overlap syndrome is rare and has only been previously documented as cerebral ischemia. We report a patient with SLE-AAV overlap syndrome diagnosed based on clinical, serologic and biopsy-proven histologic findings who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to ruptured right anterior cerebral artery aneurysm. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of SLE-AAV overlap syndrome diagnosed in a patient with a SAH due to an intracranial aneurysm. Neurologic involvement in patients with SLE-AAV overlap syndrome is uncommon and has not been well-studied. Clinicians who encounter patients with neurologic signs that present with symptoms and a serologic profile that correspond to both SLE and AAV criteria, should consider the association between SLE-AAV overlap syndrome and a hemorrhagic stroke, specifically SAH.

Incidence of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in the United States from 2001 to 2015: A United States Cancer Statistics Analysis of 50 States.

Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both males and females in the United States. Nearly 85% of pancreatic cancer is adenocarcinoma. Given the silent disease progression of pancreatic cancer, identifying at-risk populations will help diagnose these fatal cancers as early as possible. Methods The United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) registry was used to obtain data for pancreatic adenocarcinoma from 2001 to 2015. The incidence analysis was stratified based on sex, race, stage, and US regional location. Results The overall incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from 2001 to 2015 was 5.2 per 100,000 people per year. The overall incidence rates were the greatest for each stratification in males, blacks, distant disease, and in the Northeast. The incidence in blacks continued to rise with an annual percent change (APC) of 2.28 between 2001 and 2015. Between 2001 and 2006, the incidence of distant disease increased at a rapid rate (APC 5.34). However, after 2006, the incidence continued to increase but no longer at the previously rapid rate (APC 1.91). For incidence based on US regional location, the overall incidence was greatest in the Northeast and Midwest. The incidence in the South was increasing at an expeditious rate (APC 2.70). Conclusion In our study, we analyzed the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma using data from all 50 states in the US. Our findings showed that there was a worsening incidence in blacks, those with a distant stage at diagnosis, and those in the North and Midwest. Ultimately our findings help identify at-risk populations and can contribute to improving surveillance of this deadly disease.

Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients Experiencing Cardiotoxicity during Breast Cancer Therapy.

Background. Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction during cancer therapy related cardiotoxicity and its prognostic implications have not been examined. Aim. We sought to determine the incidence and prognostic value of RV dysfunction at time of LV defined cardiotoxicity. Methods. We retrospectively identified 30 HER2+ female patients with breast cancer treated with trastuzumab (± anthracycline) who developed cardiotoxicity and had a diagnostic quality transthoracic echocardiography. LV ejection fraction (LVEF), RV fractional area change (RV FAC), and peak systolic longitudinal strain (for both LV and RV) were measured on echocardiograms at the time of cardiotoxicity and during follow-up. Thirty age balanced precancer therapy and HER2+ breast cancer patients were used as controls. Results. In the 30 patients with cardiotoxicity (mean ± SD age 54 ± 12 years) RV FAC was significantly lower (42 ± 7 versus 47 ± 6%, P = 0.01) compared to controls. RV dysfunction defined by global longitudinal strain (GLS < -20.3%) was seen in 40% (n = 12). During follow-up in 16 out of 30 patients (23 ± 15 months), there was persistent LV dysfunction (EF < 55%) in 69% (n = 11). Concomitant RV dysfunction at the time of LV cardiotoxicity was associated with reduced recovery of LVEF during follow-up although this was not statistically significant. Conclusion. RV dysfunction at the time of LV cardiotoxicity is frequent in patients with breast cancer receiving trastuzumab therapy. Despite appropriate management, LV dysfunction persisted in the majority at follow-up. The prognostic value of RV dysfunction at the time of cardiotoxicity warrants further investigation.

A Rare Case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis in Overcorrection of Hyponatremia with Total Parenteral Nutrition in Pregnancy.

A 42-year-old high risk pregnant female presented with hyponatremia from multiple causes and was treated with total parenteral nutrition. She developed acute hypernatremia due to the stage of pregnancy and other comorbidities. All the mechanisms of hyponatremia and hypernatremia were summarized here in our case report. This case has picture (graph) representation of parameters that led to changes in serum sodium and radiological findings of central pontine myelinolysis on MRI. In conclusion we present a complicated case serum sodium changes during pregnancy and pathophysiological effects on serum sodium changes during pregnancy.