Effective features extraction by analyzing heart sound for identifying cardiovascular diseases related to COVID-19: A diagnostic model.

Incidence and exacerbation of some of the cardiovascular diseases in the presence of the coronavirus will lead to an increase in the mortality rate among patients. Therefore, early diagnosis of such diseases is critical, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic (mild COVID-19 infection). Thus, for diagnosing the heart diseases related to the COVID-19, an automatic, non-invasive, and inexpensive method based on the heart sound processing approach is proposed. In the present study, a set of features related to the nature of heart signals is defined and extracted. The investigated features included morphological and statistical features in the heart sound frequencies. By extracting and selecting a set of effective features related to the mentioned diseases, and avoiding to use different segmentation and filtering techniques, dependence on a limited dataset and specific sampling procedures has been eliminated. Different classifiers with various kernels are applied for diagnosis in data unbalanced and balanced conditions. The results showed 93.15% accuracy and 93.72% F1-score using 60 effective features in data balanced conditions. The identification system using the extracted features from Azad dataset is able to achieve the desired results in a generalized dataset. In this way, in the shortest possible sampling time, the present system provided an effective and generalizable method and a practical model for diagnosing important cardiovascular diseases in the presence of coronavirus in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Probabilistic elderly person's mood analysis based on its activities of daily living using smart facilities.

The world's population is aging, and eldercare services that use smart facilities such as smart homes are widely common in societies now. With the aid of smart facilities, the present study aimed at understanding an elder's moods based on the person's activities of daily living (ADLs). With this end in view, an explainable probabilistic graphical modeling approach, applying the Bayesian network (BN), was proposed. The proposed BN-based model was capable of defining the relationship between the elder's ADLs and moods in three different levels: Activity-based Feature (AbF), Category of Activity (CoA), and the mood state. The model also allowed us to explain the transformations among the different levels/nodes on the defined BNs. A framework featured with smart facilities, including a smart home, a smartphone, and a wristband, was utilized to assess the model. The smart home was an elderly woman's house, equipped with a set of binary-based sensors. For about five months, the ADLs' data have been recorded through daily behavioral-based information, registered by experts using a defined questionnaire. The obtained results proved that the proposed BN-based model of the current study could promisingly estimate the elder's moods and CoA states. Moreover, in contrast to the machine learning techniques that behave like a black box, the effect of each feature from the lower levels to the higher levels of information of the BNs can be traced. Implications of the findings for future diagnosis and treatment of the elderly are considered.