ABSTRACT
Background: Concerns about the side effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been raised nationwide. We aimed to compare the time to report the side effects of the Oxford-AstraZeneca and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: Information on side effects of AstraZeneca and Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines was obtained from the COVID-19 Symptom Study App affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Science during 2021. A COX regression model with an adjusted Hazard Ratio and 95% Confidence Interval; HR (95% C.I) was reported at the significance level of < 0.05. Results: 4478 and 5555 participants received the AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines, respectively; more age, history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, first vaccine dose, hypertension, and hypertension with cardiovascular disease were seen in the AstraZeneca group (P < 0.05 for all). However, the AstraZeneca group had lower immune deficiency and time to report the side effects (P < 0.05 for both). There was significantly less time to pain HR(95% C.I.); 0.50 (0.47-0.52), vertigo 0.65 (0.61-0.69), weakness 0.41 (0.38-0.44), headache 0.43 (0.39-0.74), anorexia 0.31 (0.28-0.34), nausea 0.56 (0.51-0.62), severer allergy 0.71 (0.63-0.81), general inflammation 0.27 (0.23-0.31), fever > 38oC 0.12 (0.1-0.15), eye inflammation 0.45 (0.39-0.52), diarrhea 0.85 (0.73-0.99), blurred vision 0.73 (0.61-0.86), injection site redness 0.32 (0.26-0.39), fatigue/paleness 0.53 (0.50-0.57), joint pain 0.55 (0.41-0.73), auxiliary gland inflation 0.59 (0.43-0.80), convulsions 0.30 (0.17-0.52), and severe side effects 0.3 (0.27-0.33) in the AstraZeneca group; However, skin rash 0.77 (0.57-1.05) and hospitalization 0.72 (0.21-2.55) were the same. Conclusion: Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine recipients reported longer times to report vaccine-related side effects than AstraZeneca; due to the lack of adverse effects like hospitalization, vaccination should continue to control the pandemic; more real-population studies are needed on the long-term effects of vaccination against COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate on relationship between spiritual intelligence, resilience, and perceived stress. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 307 students of Sistan and Baluchistan University. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) are used as a research instrument. RESULTS: The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the SISRI and the CD-RISC. However, there is a negative and significant relationship between the SISRI and the PSS of students. The Enter regression analysis for prediction of the CD-RISC show that the SISRI predicts 0.10 of the CD-RISC variances and also the SISRI predicts 0.11 of the PSS variances. CONCLUSION: Spirituality helps to resilience in people who experience stress.
ABSTRACT
Ecstasy (MDMA) is a popular drug a used recreationally with the rave culture and consumed in a high environment temperature. Repeated and prolonged MDMA ingestion is well known to cause depression, anxiety and aggression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sub-chronic effects of MDMA on anxiety in Wistar rats and to determine astrocytes density in the rat hippocampus after anxiety. In this study, 28 adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were distributed randomly in four groups, one sham group (receiving 1 ml/kg 0.9% saline solution) and three experimental groups: Exp. 1 (1.25 mg/kg/day MDMA), Exp. 2 (2.5 mg/kg/day MDMA), and Exp. 3 (5 mg/kg/day MDMA). The animals received Saline or MDMA for a week (sub-chronic period). An Elevated Plus Maze apparatus was used to examine anxiety levels in the rats. 24 h. after the last injection and behavioral test, the rat brains were withdrawn and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and then - after histological processing - the slices of hippocampus were stained with PTAH for astrocytes. Our results showed that MDMA at 2.5 mg/kg/day for a week was most effective in causing anxiety. We found that the number of astrocytes was increased after this period. The greatest increase in astrocyte numbers was observed in the dentate gyrus of the5 mg/kg MDMA group. We concluded that the administration of MDMA over 7 days (sub-chronic period) can cause anxiety and can have an effect on the astrocyte density of the rat hippocampu (AU)
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