Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurement of brain glutamate levels in premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

BACKGROUND: Women who suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) classically display depressive and anxiety symptoms in the premenstrum. Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested a role of glutamate in anxiety and depression. This investigation aims at demonstrating fluctuations of glutamate across the menstrual cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex of women who suffer from PMDD and healthy control subjects (HCs). METHODS: Twelve PMDD women and 13 HCs were randomized to two single-voxel 3 Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy examinations of the medial prefrontal cortex during the follicular phase and the luteal phase. RESULTS: A phase effect was observed; the levels of glutamate/creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr) were significantly lower during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. However, no statistically significant diagnosis or phase x diagnosis effects were found. CONCLUSIONS: The optimized stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) pulse timings selected in this study (echo time [TE], mixing time [TM] = 240, 27 msec) allow us to interpret our results as the first report of alterations of brain glutamate levels across the menstrual cycle. Hormonal fluctuations associated with the menstrual cycle likely contribute to these glutamate level variations. Although PMDD women undergo a similar decrease in glutamate during the luteal phase as the HCs, PMDD women may display an increased behavioral sensitivity to those phase-related alterations. These menstrual cycle-related variations of glutamate levels may also contribute to the influence of the phases of the menstrual cycle in other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Response to flumazenil in the late luteal phase and follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy control females.

RATIONALE: Animal studies of short-term progesterone administration and withdrawal model the natural increase and abrupt decrease in progesterone levels which occur in the late luteal phase (LP) of the human menstrual cycle (MC). Previously, studies in animals have shown that abrupt cessation of chronic or short-term progesterone administration results in pharmacological changes at the GABAA receptor, resulting in altered sensitivity to GABAA receptor neuromodulators such as benzodiazepines and flumazenil, a GABAA receptor antagonist. OBJECTIVES: This study's goal was to compare the response to flumazenil in the follicular phase (FP) and late LP in female healthy controls (HCs). We postulated that HC females would exhibit a greater psychological and somatic response to flumazenil in the late LP, a period of progesterone withdrawal, compared to the FP. METHODS: Twelve healthy females, without history of psychiatric disorder, were randomized to receive two injections of a 2 mg bolus injection of flumazenil (one in the late LP and one in the FP) and two injections of placebo (one in the late LP and one in the FP). Following injection, subjects were asked to rate the occurrence and intensity of panic symptoms on the panic symptom scale (PSS). RESULTS: A main treatment effect was detected for the PSS score response after flumazenil injection (P=0.008). However, there was no significant treatment-by-phase interaction observed (P=0.449). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that MC phase did not affect the response to flumazenil in HC females. This result is contrary to our hypothesis of altered sensitivity to flumazenil in the late LP.