Fully Scalable and Stable CsPbI2Br Solar Cells Realized by an All-Spray-Coating Process.

Spray-coating is a scalable and time-efficient technique for the development of large-area metal halide perovskite (MHP) solar cells. However, a bottleneck still exists toward the development of fully scalable n-i-p-type MHP solar cells particularly on spray-coating the hole transporting layer (HTL). Here, we present a reliable strategy of spray-coating the HTL by using MoO2 nanoparticles with small amounts of poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) binders to ensure uniform coverage and efficient charge extraction. By spray-coating all layers except the Au electrode, we achieve high and scalable efficiencies of 14.26 and 13.88% for CsPbI2Br unit cells (0.12 cm2) and submodules (25 cm2), respectively. We then extend toward an all-spray-coating process by spray-coating carbon black as the top counter electrode, resulting in a submodule efficiency of 10.08%. Finally, we also demonstrate good long-term stability of the submodules under damp heat conditions (85 °C/85% relative humidity) over 1000 h.

Evaluation of the combined expression of chemokine SDF-1α and its receptor CXCR4 as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer.

Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have been shown to impact cancer progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that CXCR4 and SDF-1α expression is useful for evaluating the risk of gastric cancer progression. Thus, combined analysis of SDF-1α and CXCR4 should have high prognostic potential as a molecular marker for gastric cancer. We investigated the expression of SDF-1α and CXCR4 using immunohistochemistry in relation to prognosis, clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes in 221 cases of primary gastric cancer. Patients were categorized into three groups according to CXCR4 and SDF-1α expression: high CXCR4/high SDF-1α, low CXCR4/low SDF-1α, and high CXCR4/low SDF-1α - low CXCR4/high SDF-1α. No significant differences were noted in age, gender, histology, tumor location, lymphovascular invasion or proportion of tumor size >5 cm among the three groups. However, high CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with depth of invasion of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and higher tumor stage compared to tumors with low CXCR4/low SDF-1α expression or high CXCR4/low SDF-1α - low CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression. Furthermore, patients with high CXCR4/high SDF-1α expression had the worst patient prognosis, whereas patients who had low CXCR4/low SDF-1α expression showed the most favorable prognosis. In conclusion, CXCR4 and SDF-1α are useful prognostic factors in gastric cancer, and the combination of high CXCR4 protein expression with high SDF-1α expression suggests a dismal prognosis.