High-Power Laser Therapy Improves Healing of the Equine Suspensory Branch in a Standardized Lesion Model.

High-power laser therapy is often used as a treatment for human sport injuries but controlled standardized studies on its efficacy are lacking. The technique has also been introduced in the equine field and recently promising results were reported in a retrospective study focusing on 150 sporthorses suffering from tendinopathy and desmopathy of the SDFT, DDFT, suspensory ligament, and suspensory branches. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of high-power laser in a standardized lesion model in horses. Lesions were created in all lateral suspensory branches of 12 warmblood horses. In each horse, 2 of the 4 lesioned branches were treated daily with a multi-frequency high-power laser for 4 weeks. Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed during and after the treatment period. Six horses were euthanized 4 weeks post-surgery (short-term) and 6 were further rehabilitated until 6 months and then euthanized (long-term). High-field MRI evaluation was performed on all cadaver limbs. On ultrasound, transverse size of the lesion was significantly smaller after 2- and 3 months (p = 0.026 and p = 0.015) in the treated branches. The expected post-surgery enlargement of the lesion circumference and cross-sectional area (CSA) over time, was significantly lower in the short-term laser treated group (p = 0.016 and p = 0.010). Treated lesions showed a significantly increased Doppler signal during treatment (p < 0.001) compared with control. On MRI, in the short and long-term group, the CSA of the lesions was significantly smaller (p = 0.002), and the mean signal significantly lower in the treatment groups (p = 0.006). This standardized controlled study shows that multi-frequency high-power laser therapy significantly improves healing of a suspensory branch ligament lesion.

Ultrasound follow-up of posttraumatic injuries of the sagittal band of the dorsal hood treated by a conservative approach.

Traumatic dislocation of the extensor tendon over the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is a rare problem in patients without rheumatoid disorders. The common extensor tendon is stabilized on the metacarpal head by components of the dorsal hood (DH). A tear in the sagittal bands, allows (sub)luxation of the tendon. To ensure appropriate treatment, the identification of the damaged structures is essential. Ultrasound (US) is a valuable method in the evaluation of DH injuries and in the follow-up for evaluation of healing or lack of healing of the lesions. We report three cases with partial rupture of the sagittal band of the DH: two cases in the index finger and one case in the long finger, which caused pain and swelling and was diagnosed with US. The patients were treated conservatively and the pain resolved after 9 months in case 1, 3 months in case 2 and 6 months in case 3. The follow-up at one year revealed painless full range of motion and no residual subluxation during the dynamic ultrasound.

Ultrasound of the knee with emphasis on the detailed anatomy of anterior, medial, and lateral structures.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the detailed ultrasound anatomy of the anterior, medial, and lateral aspects of the knee and present the ultrasound examination technique used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present ultrasound using images of patients, volunteer subjects, and cadaveric specimens. We correlate ultrasound images with images of anatomical sections and dissections. RESULTS: The distal quadriceps tendon is made up of different laminas that can be seen with ultrasound. One to five laminas may be observed. The medial retinaculum is made up of three anatomical layers: the fascia, an intermediate layer, and the capsular layer. At the level of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) one to three layers may be observed with ultrasound. The medial supporting structures are made up of the medial collateral ligament and posterior oblique ligament. At the level of the medial collateral ligament (MCL), the superficial band, as well as the deeper meniscofemoral and meniscotibial bands can be discerned with ultrasound. The posterior part, corresponding to the posterior oblique ligament (POL), also can be visualized. Along the posteromedial aspect of the knee the semimembranosus tendon has several insertions including an anterior arm, direct arm, and oblique popliteal arm. These arms can be differentiated with ultrasound. Along the lateral aspect of the knee the iliotibial band and adjacent joint recesses can be assessed. The fibular collateral ligament is encircled by the anterior arms of the distal biceps tendon. Along the posterolateral corner, the fabellofibular, popliteofibular, and arcuate ligaments can be visualized. CONCLUSION: The anatomy of the anterior, medial, and lateral supporting structures of the knee is more complex than is usually thought. Ultrasound, with its exquisite resolution, allows an accurate assessment of anatomical detail. Knowledge of detailed anatomy and a systematic technique are prerequisites for a successful ultrasound examination of the knee.

Assessment of the long head of the biceps tendon of the shoulder with 3T magnetic resonance arthrography and CT arthrography.

We studied the assessment of proximal biceps tendon lesions including degeneration, tendon luxation, and partial and complete tendon tears with 3T MR arthrography and CT arthrography. Thirty-six patients who underwent both studies, as well as arthroscopy were included in the study. The images were randomized and blinded and independently reviewed by two musculoskeletal radiologists. The pooled sensitivity for lesion detection for CT arthrography was 31% and the specificity 95%. The pooled sensitivity for MR arthrography was 27% and the specificity 94%. There were no statistically significant differences between CT and MR. The interobserver agreement calculated with the kappa statistic was poor for CT and for MR. Both CT arthrography and MR arthrography perform poorly in the detection of biceps tendon pathology of the shoulder.

Ultrasound findings in injuries of dorsal extensor hood: correlation with MR and follow-up findings.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use ultrasound to examine the dorsal hood in nine patients with a clinical suspicion of dorsal hood injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and imaging files from interesting case logbooks of nine patients were reviewed. Ultrasound was performed by one of the three radiologists experienced in musculoskeletal ultrasound. The examinations were also performed in flexion and in flexion with resistance. MR correlation was obtained in six patients. One patient underwent surgery. To obtain anatomical correlation of the normal dorsal hood 2 embalmed hand specimens were dissected. RESULTS: The sagittal bands were easily depicted in the transverse plane on ultrasound images and presented as hypoechoic bands on both sides of the extensor communis tendons. Injuries of the sagittal bands were seen on ultrasound as hypoechoic thickening of the sagittal bands at the side of the extensor tendons. The normal shape of the sagittal bands was also no longer recognizable. Subluxations or dislocations of the extensor tendons were also seen. When the injuries were located in the fibrous slips between the extensor indicis and the extensor communis of the second finger, subluxations with an increased distance between these 2 tendons were seen, especially in flexion, or in flexion with resistance. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is a valuable tool for the assessment of the injuries of the dorsal hood and is an easily available method for the diagnosis of the fine soft tissue components of the dorsal hood region.

The thickness of the sagittal bands in volunteers: high resolution ultrasound of the fingers.

PURPOSE: A sign of injury of the sagittal bands is thickening. The normal values for the thickness of the sagittal bands has not been described before. Our purpose was to measure the thickness of the sagittal bands with ultrasound in normal volunteers and compare differences between radial and ulnar band, dominant and non-dominant hand, different fingers, and men and women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 21 volunteers (10 men, 11 women), high resolution ultrasound imaging of the fingers was performed by two radiologists. The index, mid finger, ring finger and little finger were analyzed. The mean values were obtained for each finger. Statistical differences were calculated with a two-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS: The thickness of the sagittal bands showed a wide range of variations. Statistically significant differences were not found between the radial and ulnar band, dominant and non-dominant hand, and different fingers. Between men and women a significant difference was found for the ulnar band of index and ring finger of the dominant hand. CONCLUSION: The measurements of the sagittal bands show a wide range of values. Statistically significant differences for the means were only found for the ulnar band of index and ring finger of the dominant hand between men and women.

Functional anatomy of the dorsal hood or the hand: correlation of ultrasound and MR findings with cadaveric dissection.

The main aim of this study was to provide an overview of the anatomy of the dorsal hood (DH) based on the dissection of sixteen cadaver hands, correlated with magnetic resonance (MR) and ultrasound findings. A secondary aim was to assess the function of components of the DH. Sixteen embalmed hands were evaluated by MRI and ultrasound before being dissected. Each hand was photographed during each stage of dissection. Secondly we evaluated the role of the different structures of the DH in the stability of the extensor tendon by transection of the different components alternatively at the ulnar and radial sides. MR, ultrasound, and dissection showed that the extensor tendon (ET) is stabilized by the sagittal band (SB) at the level of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint and more distally by the transverse and the oblique bands, respectively. Transection of the radial SB of the second finger leads systematically to ulnar dislocation of the ET. The transection of the ulnar DH does not lead to instability of the ET. The SB is the most important structure of the DH in the stability of the ET at the MCP level. Rupture of the radial SB of the second finger leads systematically to ulnar dislocation of the ET.