ABSTRACT
Quadruplex nucleic acids - DNA/RNA secondary structures formed in guanine rich sequences - proved to have key roles in the biology of cancers and, as such, in recent years they emerged as promising targets for small molecules. Many reports demonstrated that metal complexes can effectively stabilize quadruplex structures, promoting telomerase inhibition, downregulation of the expression of cancer-related genes and ultimately cancer cell death. Although extensively explored as anticancer agents, studies on the ability of ruthenium arene complexes to interact with quadruplex nucleic acids are surprisingly almost unknown. Herein, we report on the synthesis and characterization of four novel Ru(ii) arene complexes with 1,3-dioxoindan-2-carboxamides ligands bearing pendant naphthyl-groups designed to bind quadruplexes by both stacking and coordinating interactions. We show how improvements on the hydrolytic stability of such complexes, by substituting the chlorido leaving ligand with pyridine, have a dramatic impact on their interaction with quadruplexes and on their cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Calixarenes/pharmacology , Coordination Complexes/pharmacology , G-Quadruplexes , Ruthenium/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Calixarenes/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Ligands , Molecular Structure , Ruthenium/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Metal-driven self-assembly afforded a multitude of fascinating supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) with applications as catalysts, host-guest, and stimuli-responsive systems. However, the interest in the biological applications of SCCs is only starting to emerge and thorough characterization of their behavior in biological milieus is still lacking. Herein, we report on the synthesis and detailed in-cell tracking of a Pt2 L2 metallacycle. We show that our hexagonal supramolecule accumulates in cancer cell nuclei, exerting a distinctive blue fluorescence staining of chromatin resistant to UV photobleaching selectively in nucleolar G4-rich regions. SCC co-localizes with epitopes of the quadruplex-specific antibody BG4 and replaces other well-known G4 stabilizers. Moreover, the photophysical changes accompanying the metallacycle binding to G4s in solution (fluorescence quenching, absorption enhancement) also take place intracellularly, allowing its subcellular interaction tracking.
