High Rate of Pulmonary Cement Embolism after Cement-Augmented Pedicle Screw Fixation: A 12-Year Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: The global trend toward increased life expectancy because of remarkable improvements in health care quality has drawn increased attention to osteoporotic fractures and degenerative spine diseases. Cement-augmented pedicle screw fixation has been established as the mainstay treatment for patients with poor bone quality. This study aimed to determine the number of patients with cement leakage and pulmonary cement embolism (PCE) as detected on thoracic computed tomography (CT), and to assess the potential risk factors for PCE. METHODS: Patients undergoing cement-augmented pedicle screw placement in our institution between May 2008 and December 2020 were included. Data regarding baseline characteristics, complications, and cement leakage rates were collected. Indications for the performance of a postoperative thoracic CT due to the suspicion of PCE were intra- or postoperative complications, or postoperative oxygen supplementation. Moreover, PCE was accidently diagnosed because the thoracic CT was performed for medical reasons other than the suspicion of PCE (tumor staging, severe pneumonia, or exacerbated chronic pulmonary obstructive disease). RESULTS: A total of 104 patients with a mean age of 72.8 years (standard deviation of 6.7) were included. Of 802 screws, 573 were cement augmented. Of the 104 patients, 44 (42.3%) underwent thoracic CT scans to diagnose PCE; additionally, 67 (64.4%) demonstrated cement leakage, of whom 27 developed PCE and 4 were symptomatic. Cement-augmented thoracic screws were a risk factor for PCE (odds ratio: 1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.1; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a high prevalence of cement leakage after cement-augmented pedicle screw insertion, with a relatively frequent incidence of PCE, as tracked by thoracic CT scans. Cement-augmented thoracic screw placement was a unique risk factor for PCE.

Anterior Access to the Cervicothoracic Junction via Partial Sternotomy: A Clinical Series Reporting on Technical Feasibility, Postoperative Morbidity, and Early Surgical Outcome.

Surgical access to the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess technical feasibility, early morbidity, and outcome in patients undergoing anterior access to the CTJ via partial sternotomy. Consecutive cases with CTJ pathology treated via anterior access and partial sternotomy at a single academic center from 2017 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data, perioperative imaging, and outcome were assessed with regards to the aims of the study. A total of eight cases were analyzed: four (50%) bone metastases, one (12.5%) traumatic instable fracture (B3-AO-Fracture), one (12.5%) thoracic disc herniation with spinal cord compression, and two (25%) infectious pathologic fractures from tuberculosis and spondylodiscitis. The median age was 49.9 years (range: 22-74 y), with a 75% male preponderance. The median Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was 14.5 (IQR: 5; range: 9-16), indicating a high degree of instability in treated cases. Four cases (50%) underwent additional posterior instrumentation. All surgical procedures were performed uneventfully, with no intraoperative complications. The median length of hospital stay was 11.5 days (IQR: 9; range: 6-20), including a median of 1 day in an intensive care unit (ICU). Two cases developed postoperative dysphagia related to stretching and temporary dysfunction of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Both cases completely recovered at 3 months follow-up. No in-hospital mortality was observed. The radiological outcome was unremarkable in all cases, with no case of implant failure. One case died due to the underlying disease during follow-up. The median follow-up was 2.6 months (IQR: 23.8; range: 1-45.7 months). Our series indicates that the anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction and upper thoracic spine via partial sternotomy can be considered an effective option for treatment of anterior spinal pathologies, exhibiting a reasonable safety profile. Careful case selection is essential to adequately balance clinical benefits and surgical invasiveness for these procedures.

Morbidity and Mortality in Patients over 90 Years of Age Following Posterior Stabilization for Acute Traumatic Odontoid Type II Fractures: A Retrospective Study with a Mean Follow-Up of Three Years.

Odontoid type II fractures represent the most common cervical spine injuries in the elderly. The decision for surgical treatment in very elderly patients is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess morbidity and mortality in patients over 90 years of age undergoing CT-guided posterior stabilization for unstable odontoid type II fractures. A total of 15 patients with an acute traumatic odontoid type II fracture who received surgical treatment for unstable odontoid type II fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Complications, morbidity, and mortality as well as length of ICU and hospital stay were determined. Clinical follow-up evaluation was based on outpatient presentation and information from family members and general practitioners. Finally, we conducted a comparison of complications rates between patients over 90 years of age and patients between 65 and 89 years old with a type II odontoid fracture after CT-guided posterior stabilization in our institution. The mean age was 91.4 years. Patients were predominately female (87%). In-hospital deaths did not occur. The average length of the hospital stay was 13.4 days and 1.9 days for the ICU. Blood transfusion was necessary in two patients (13%). Two patients (13%) developed urinary tract infection, one patient (7%) a delirium, and another epistaxis (7%). One patient (7%) developed pneumonic sepsis and fully recovered within several weeks. The mean follow-up was 36 months (range 9-72 months). Implant-related complications developed in one patient (7%). Five patients died during the follow-up period, with an average time to death of 26.6 months. Postoperative bracing was not needed in any of the patients. Posterior stabilization of unstable odontoid fractures type II using CT-guided navigation in patients over 90 years of age is a safe and effective procedure with low complications and mortality rates.

A multicenter, open-label, controlled trial on acceptance, convenience, and complications of rechargeable internal pulse generators for deep brain stimulation: the Multi Recharge Trial.

OBJECTIVE: Rechargeable neurostimulators for deep brain stimulation have been available since 2008, promising longer battery life and fewer replacement surgeries compared to non-rechargeable systems. Long-term data on how recharging affects movement disorder patients are sparse. This is the first multicenter, patient-focused, industry-independent study on rechargeable neurostimulators. METHODS: Four neurosurgical centers sent a questionnaire to all adult movement disorder patients with a rechargeable neurostimulator implanted at the time of the trial. The primary endpoint was the convenience of the recharging process rated on an ordinal scale from "very hard" (1) to "very easy" (5). Secondary endpoints were charge burden (time spent per week on recharging), user confidence, and complication rates. Endpoints were compared for several subgroups. RESULTS: Datasets of 195 movement disorder patients (66.1% of sent questionnaires) with Parkinson's disease (PD), tremor, or dystonia were returned and included in the analysis. Patients had a mean age of 61.3 years and the device was implanted for a mean of 40.3 months. The overall convenience of recharging was rated as "easy" (4). The mean charge burden was 122 min/wk and showed a positive correlation with duration of therapy; 93.8% of users felt confident recharging the device. The rate of surgical revisions was 4.1%, and the infection rate was 2.1%. Failed recharges occurred in 8.7% of patients, and 3.6% of patients experienced an interruption of therapy because of a failed recharge. Convenience ratings by PD patients were significantly worse than ratings by dystonia patients. Caregivers recharged the device for the patient in 12.3% of cases. Patients who switched from a non-rechargeable to a rechargeable neurostimulator found recharging to be significantly less convenient at a higher charge burden than did patients whose primary implant was rechargeable. Age did not have a significant impact on any endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, patients with movement disorders rated recharging as easy, with low complication rates and acceptable charge burden.

Safety and performance of a novel articulating cage for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the setting of intraoperative spinal navigation.

OBJECTIVE: Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has been described as safe and effective procedure for the treatment of low back pain. However, only a few retrospective articles describing articulating cages exist in literature. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and radiological results, as well as patient safety and complications by using a novel articulating TLIF cage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Out of 50 patients, 49 were included in this prospective study. Under computer tomography (CT) guided spinal navigation the TLIF procedure was performed. Clinical outcome scores visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and short form-36 health survey questionnaire (SF-36) were obtained preoperatively, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Radiological data were acquired preoperatively, after 6 weeks, as well as 6 and 12 postoperatively and included measurements for disc height (anterior/posterior), foraminal height, segmental and global lumbar lordosis. RESULTS: 71% of the included patients have undergone previous lumbar surgery. In total, 80 SYNCHRO® cages have been implanted. The clinical results revealed a highly significant improvement of VAS, ODI and SF-36 after 6 and 12 months, compared to baseline levels (p < 0.05). Radiological analysis revealed a significant increase in anterior and posterior disc height, foraminal height, segmental and global lumbar lordosis postoperatively (p < 0.05). 47 out 49 patients (96%) showed evidence for fusion at the 12 months follow-up. Cage dislocation was found in 1 of 80 implanted cages (1%), which required revision surgery. Two dural tears occurred intraoperatively, which have been fixed. Another two patients needed surgical revision due to infection. The overall complication rate was 10% (n = 5/49). CONCLUSIONS: The current study delineates satisfactory clinical and radiological results by using a novel articulating TLIF-cage. The implant-related complication rate was acceptable with low revision rate.

Early Complications and Cement Leakage in Elderly Patients Who Have Undergone Intraoperative Computed Tomography (CT)-Guided Cement Augmented Pedicle Screw Placement: Eight-Year Single-Center Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To assess early complications, mortality rate, and cement leakage in elderly patients who had undergone navigation-based pedicle screw placement of the thoracic and lumbar spine. METHODS: Eighty-six patients older than 65 years of age who had received cement-augmented pedicle screws for various conditions were retrospectively included between May 2008 and December 2016. Complications, mortality, and cement leakage were determined. All patients had a radiograph as a control. In patients with cement leakage seen on radiographs, a computed tomography scan of the surgical area was also obtained. RESULTS: Average age was 73.4 years (range 65-86 years). A total of 319 vertebral bodies with 637 screws were inserted, of which 458 screws were cement-augmented; 348 (76%) of the augmented screws were placed in the lumbar spine and 110 (24%) in the thoracic spine. Cement leakage occurred in 55 of 86 patients, of whom 52 (60%) were asymptomatic. In all cases with cement leakage (asymptomatic or symptomatic), cement could be found in the perivertebral veins: in the inferior vena cava in 25%, in the epidural space in 7%, in the azygos vein in 5%, and in pulmonary arteries in 7%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that the use of cement correlates with a high risk of cement leakage in elderly patients. Using computed tomography navigation for screw placement did not reduce the risk of venous cement leakage, but leakage into the epidural space or through a cortical defect seems to be low.

Cellular, molecular, and clinical mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation-a systematic review on established indications and outlook on future developments.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been successfully used to treat movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, for more than 25 years and heralded the advent of electrical neuromodulation to treat diseases with dysregulated neuronal circuits. DBS is now superseding ablative techniques, such as stereotactic radiofrequency lesions. While serendipity has played a role in developing DBS as a therapy, research during the past two decades has shown that electrical neuromodulation is far more than a functional lesion that can be switched on and off. This understanding broadens the field to enable new types of stimulation, clinical indications, and research. This review highlights the complex effects of DBS from the single cell to the neuronal network. Specifically, we examine the electrical, cellular, molecular, and neurochemical mechanisms of DBS as applied to Parkinson's disease and other emerging applications.

Accuracy and revision rate of intraoperative computed tomography point-to-point navigation for lateral mass and pedicle screw placement: 11-year single-center experience in 1054 patients.

High accuracy in intraoperative computed tomography (iCT) navigation utilizing an intraoperatively acquired dataset for screw placement in the spine has been reported in the literature. To further improve the accuracy and counteract any intraoperative movement of predefined registration points, we introduce an iCT point-to-point navigation, where marker screws are inserted intraoperatively to increase patient safety. In all, 1054 patients who underwent iCT point-to-point navigation for lateral mass and pedicle screw placement were retrospectively analyzed between 09/2005 and 09/2016. Implant-related complications such as screw misplacement, screw loosening, and revision rate were determined. Furthermore, we investigated the rate of complications and the clinical outcome. In total, 6059 screws were inserted in 1054 patients. There were 553 (52.5%) female and 501 (47.5%) male patients. Average age was 63.5 years, mean BMI 27.5 (SD 13.9). Here, 1427 (23.5%) screws were inserted in the cervical, 995 (16.4%) in the thoracic, 3167 (52.3%) in the lumbar, and 470 (7.8%) in the sacral spine. Eight patients required a revision procedure for screw misplacement (0.8%). Total screw misplacement rate was 0.3% (16/6059). With the use of reference markers in iCT-based, spinal, point-to-point navigation, we achieved a high accuracy of screw placement with a low revision rate (0.8%) and a total screw misplacement rate of 0.3%.

Intraoperative Stereotactic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Deep Brain Stimulation Electrode Planning in Patients with Movement Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Implantation of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes requires stereotactic imaging. Stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for DBS surgery has become more popular and intraoperative MRI scanners have become more available. We report on our cohort of movement disorder patients who underwent intraoperative stereotactic MRI-only DBS electrode implantation. METHODS: A review of our DBS database for eligible patients over a study period of 8 years was performed. Stereotactic accuracy was calculated as a directional error and the Euclidean distance between planned and controlled electrode positions. Number and choice of microelectrodes, procedural times and complications were documented. RESULTS: n = 86 surgeries in n = 81 patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD), essential tremor and dystonia were performed and n=167 electrodes were implanted. Mean Euclidean distance between planned and controlled target was 2.1mm (±0.6). The directional error showed that electrodes were implanted more medial (0.3mm ± 0.9), posterior (0.5mm ± 1.0) and inferior (0.6mm ±1.0) compared to plan. There were no significant differences for stereotactic accuracy between targets, hemispheres or order of implantation. No significant correlations between Euclidean distance and number of microelectrode tracts or volume of intracranial air were observed. N = 539 microelectrodes were applied. In 28.7% non-center trajectories were chosen. Length of tremor (-61 minutes) and PD (-121 minutes) surgeries could be reduced significantly over the course of the study period. N = 1 (1.2%) intracranial hemorrhage occurred. N = 1 (0.6%) electrode had to be repositioned for lack of clinical effect. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative stereotactic MRI for DBS surgery is feasible with high stereotactic accuracy and low rates of complication.

A Modified Posterior C1/C2 Fusion Technique for the Management of Traumatic Odontoid Type II Fractures by Using Intraoperative Spinal Navigation: Midterm Results.

OBJECTIVES: To assess midterm safety and efficacy of a modified Goel-Harms technique for the treatment of odontoid instabilities. DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban Level 1 Trauma Center in Southwest Germany. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Orthopaedic and neurosurgical trauma patients older than 18 years admitted for ≤24 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The outcome was evaluated with respect to neurological outcome, radiological outcome and surgical complications. For the functional assessment, the EQ-5D questionnaire was used. Furthermore, the Neck Disability Index and visual analog scale for neck pain were determined. A median follow-up of 39 months (range: 6-97 months) was given. RESULTS: Of the total sample (n = 56), 26 patients with an acute traumatic odontoid fracture type II underwent posterior atlantoaxial instrumentation using spinal navigation. Neck pain evaluated with visual analog scale and Neck Disability Index showed a significant decrease at final follow-up compared to preoperative values (P < 0.05). According to the EQ-5D, the valuation of quality of life after C1/C2 fusion showed an excellent outcome with complete recovery in most cases (0.7-1). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate satisfactory and maintained midterm clinical and radiological results after a median follow-up of 39 months. With the use of intraoperative spinal navigation, we demonstrate a modified C1/C2 posterior fusion technique, rendering accuracy, feasibility, and overall safety. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Preoperative assessment of haemostasis in patients undergoing stereotactic brain biopsy.

Parenchymal hemorrhage is considered a major risk factor for perioperative morbidity in patients undergoing stereotactic brain biopsy. Studies on patients undergoing surgical procedures have suggested that evaluation of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is of limited value with regard to prevention of haemorrhagic complications. However, this issue has not yet been addressed in patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy of intracranial lesions. We retrospectively analysed the medical records of 159 consecutive patients undergoing stereotactic biopsy of supratentorial intracranial lesions during a three-year period. Laboratory values (PT, aPTT, platelet count) were reviewed as well as clinical characteristics, modalities of surgical treatment, histopathological results and the postoperative course of patients. The overall diagnostic yield was 93.7%. Histopathological examination revealed glioma (WHO°I: 5, WHO°II: 25, WHO°III: 23, WHO°IV: 65), lymphoma (n = 14), inflammation (n = 8) and other entities (n = 6). Surgery-associated neurological deficits occurred in 7 patients (4.4%) and completely resolved in 6 of these patients. CT-confirmed intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 2 patients (1.3%) and in both cases, histopathological examination revealed glioblastoma. Results of hemostatic parameters (PT: 99 ±â€¯13%, aPTT: 24 ±â€¯3s, platelet count: 274 ±â€¯87 103/µL) were within normal range values in all patients and did not correlate with postsurgical morbidity. Standard assessment of haemostasis seems to be of limited value in patients with intracranial lesions undergoing stereotactic biopsy. Further studies regarding the intratumoural vasculature's impact on the risk of biopsy-related bleeding are necessary.

Modified Posterior C1 Lateral Mass Screw Insertion for Type II Odontoid Process Fractures Using Intraoperative Computed Tomography-Based Spinal Navigation to Minimize Postoperative Occipital Neuralgia.

BACKGROUND: Various surgical techniques have been described for treating odontoid instability and achieving effective stabilization. The earliest technique to be described proposed a C1 lateral mass entry point including neurectomy of the C2 nerve roots to ensure hemostasis. Because C2 neurectomy remains controversial, preservation of the C2 nerve root as described in Goel-Harms technique can lead to intractable occipital neuralgia and significant blood loss. The aim of this study was to modify the Goel-Harms technique with a high C1 lateral mass screw entry point to enhance overall intraoperative safety. METHODS: Sixty-three patients (average age, 70 ± 16 years) with acute traumatic odontoid fracture type II underwent posterior stabilization with a modified posterior C1 lateral mass entry point using intraoperative computed tomography (CT)-guided spinal navigation. Complications were recorded, especially bleeding from the epidural venous plexus and development of occipital neuralgia. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months. RESULTS: None of the patients developed occipital neuralgia or numbness. Blood transfusion was necessary in 1 patient because of a coagulation disorder. There was no bleeding from the epidural venous plexus. All screws were correctly placed. Two patients needed surgical revision (wound infection, dural tear). Two developed cardiopulmonary complications. Solid bony fusion was achieved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that changing the C1 entry point to the junction of the posterior arch and superior-posterior part of the C1 lateral mass by using intraoperative CT navigation yields a safe and effective procedure with few complications. The overall complication rate was 6%.

Early Complications, Morbidity, and Mortality in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians Undergoing Posterior Intra-Operative Spinal Navigation-Based C1/2 Fusion for Type II Odontoid Process Fractures.

Type II odontoid fractures represent the most common cervical spine injury in the elderly. The decision for surgical treatment is still controversial, particularly with regard to the elevated peri-operative risk attributed to frequent comorbidities and poor bone quality. The purpose of this study was to assess both short-term mortality and mid-term clinical and radiological outcome in the elderly. Between January 2007 and December 2015, 35 patients with type II odontoid process fractures who underwent posterior atlanto-axial instrumentation using a modified Goel-Harms technique were retrospectively analyzed and prospectively examined clinically and radiologically. Comorbidities, mortality, and length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay were determined, as were medical and surgical complications. Quality of life was measured using the EuroQol five dimensions (EQ-5D) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires at final follow-up. Average age was 86.5 years. All patients had severe comorbidities pre-operatively. No in-hospital mortality was observed. Average length of hospital stay was 13.8 days and 2.0 days for the ICU. Three patients developed cardiopulmonary complications; one wound infection developed post-operatively. Mean follow-up was 22 months (range, 6-72 months). The quality of life measured by EQ-5D showed a good outcome (0.7 ± 0.1). All SF-36 domains were reduced in comparison to a representative group. Solid bony fusion could be achieved in all patients. Atlanto-axial fusion by using intra-operative spinal navigation is a safe and effective procedure in the elderly, with few complications and preservation of favorable post-operative quality of life. The overall major complication rate was 11%. Surgery in the very old should be considered as first-choice treatment.

One ring to rule them all?--Temporospatial specificity of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for intractable cases of depression has emerged as a valuable therapeutic option during the last decade. While several locations have been intensely investigated in recent years, the literature is lacking an all-encompassing perspective thereupon asking if and how these stimulation sites relate to each other and what this may imply for the underlying mechanisms of action of this treatment modality. We aim at proposing a model of DBS mechanism of action with particular focus on several puzzling aspects regarding an apparent temporo-spatial specificity of antidepressant action, i.e. the discrepancy between protracted response after initiation of stimulation and rapid relapse upon discontinuation, as well as differential effects on psychopathology. We suggest that the pre-treatment depressive state is determined by the interaction of individual traits with dysfunctional adaptive processes as responses to stress, resulting in a disease-associated, overtly dysfunctional, equilibrium. The antidepressant action of DBS is thought to modify and re-set this equilibrium in a temporospatially distinct manner by influencing the activity states of two different brain circuitries. The idea of sequential and temporospatially distinct mechanisms of action bears implications for the assessment of psychopathology and behavior in clinical and preclinical studies as well as investigations into brain circuit activity states.

Stereotactic biopsy and drainage of a brainstem abscess caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Listerial rhombencephalitis and brain abscesses are rare, but potentially life-threatening conditions. Early initiation of antibiotic therapy is crucial, but establishing the diagnosis of listerial brainstem abscess can be difficult. Stereotactic biopsy and drainage of space-occupying abscesses of the brainstem should be considered especially in cases of rapid clinical deterioration. We successfully performed stereotactic biopsy and drainage of a listerial brainstem abscess in a 42-year-old male patient who deteriorated despite antibiotic treatment, demonstrating that this approach is suitable in such patients.

Deep brain stimulation of the lateral habenular complex in treatment-resistant depression: traps and pitfalls of trajectory choice.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently been discussed as a promising treatment option for severe cases of major depression. Experimental data have suggested that the lateral habenular complex (LHb-c) is a central region of depression-related neuronal circuits. Because of its location close to the midline, stereotactic targeting of the LHb-c presents surgeons with distinct challenges. OBJECTIVE: To define the obstacles of DBS surgery for stimulation of the LHb-c and thus to establish safe trajectories. METHODS: Stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging data sets of 54 hemispheres originating from 27 DBS patients were taken for analysis on a stereotactic planning workstation. After alignment of images according to the anterior commissure--posterior commissure definition, analyses focused on vessels and enlarged ventricles interfering with trajectories. RESULTS: As major trajectory obstacles, enlarged ventricles and an interfering superior thalamic vein were found. A standard frontal trajectory (angle > 40° relative to the anterior commissure--posterior commissure in sagittal images) for bilateral stimulation was safely applicable in 48% of patients, whereas a steeper frontal trajectory (angle <40 relative to the anterior commissure--posterior commissure in sagittal images) for bilateral stimulation was possible in 96%. Taken together, safe bilateral targeting of the LHb-c was possible in 98% of all patients. CONCLUSION: Targeting LHb-c is a feasible and safe technique in the majority of patients undergoing surgery for DBS. However, meticulous individual planning to avoid interference with ventricles and thalamus-related veins is mandatory because an alternative steep frontal entry point has to be considered in about half of the patients.

Brain tissue oxygen monitoring and hyperoxic treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury.

Cerebral ischemia is a well-recognized contributor to high morbidity and mortality after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Standard of care treatment aims to maintain a sufficient oxygen supply to the brain by avoiding increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and ensuring a sufficient cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Devices allowing direct assessment of brain tissue oxygenation have showed promising results in clinical studies, and their use was implemented in the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines for the treatment of TBI patients in 2007. Results of several studies suggest that a brain tissue oxygen-directed therapy guided by these monitors may contribute to reduced mortality and improved outcome of TBI patients. Whether increasing the oxygen supply to supraphysiological levels has beneficial or detrimental effects on TBI patients has been a matter of debate for decades. The results of trials of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) have failed to show a benefit, but renewed interest in normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) in the treatment of TBI patients has emerged in recent years. With the increased availability of advanced neuromonitoring devices such as brain tissue oxygen monitors, it was shown that some patients might benefit from this therapeutic approach. In this article, we review the pathophysiological rationale and technical modalities of brain tissue oxygen monitors, as well as its use in studies of brain tissue oxygen-directed therapy. Furthermore, we analyze hyperoxia as a treatment option in TBI patients, summarize the results of clinical trials, and give insights into the recent findings of hyperoxic effects on cerebral metabolism after TBI.

Cerebral metabolism after early decompression craniotomy following controlled cortical impact injury in rats.

After traumatic brain injury, a cascade of metabolic changes promotes the development of secondary brain damage. In this study, we examined metabolic changes in rats in the acute stage after trauma. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of a very early decompression craniotomy on intracranial pressure (ICP) and on metabolic parameters. For this study, a moderate controlled cortical impact injury (CCII) on rats was performed. The observation time was 180 minutes after trauma. ICP was measured continuously and microdialysate samples were collected every 30 minutes from the peri-contusional region. As representative metabolic parameters, glutamate, lactate, lactate/pyruvate ratio (L/P ratio), and glucose concentrations were measured. Compared to sham-operated animals, a significant, sustained decrease in glucose concentration and increase in L/P ratio occurred immediately after CCII. Additionally, delayed increase in lactate and glutamate concentrations occurred 60 minutes after trauma. After this initial peak, glutamate concentrations declined continuously via the observation time and reached levels comparable to sham-operated animals. In our model, thus we could detect a very early deterioration of glucose utilization and energy supply after trauma that recovered, due to the moderate intensity of the trauma, within 60 minutes without leading to ischemia in the peri-contusional region. Following decompression craniotomy, the increase of intracranial pressure could be reduced significantly. Any significant beneficial effects on metabolic changes, however, could not be proven in this very early stage after moderate CCII.

The use of danaparoid to manage coagulopathy in a neurosurgical patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II and intracerebral haemorrhage.

This study presents a case of bifrontal intracerebral haemorrhage in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT II). HIT II was induced by treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for recurrent deep vein thrombosis caused by essential thrombocytosis and accompanied by hepatic thromboembolism. This patient was treated with platelet substitution and neurosurgical haematoma evacuation. Anticoagulation with 2500 units danaparoid per day was sufficient for therapy of thrombosis and no rebleeding occurred.