ABSTRACT
The use of doxorubicin (DOXO) as a chemotherapeutic drug has been hampered by cardiotoxicity leading to cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Folic acid (FA) is a modulator of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), which in turn is an important player in diseases associated with NO insufficiency or NOS dysregulation, such as pressure overload and myocardial infarction. However, the role of FA in DOXO-induced cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that FA prevents DOXO-induced cardiomyopathy by modulating eNOS and mitochondrial structure and function. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized to a single dose of DOXO (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal) or sham. FA supplementation (10 mg/day per oral) was started 7 days before DOXO injection and continued thereafter. DOXO resulted in 70% mortality after 10 days, with the surviving mice demonstrating a 30% reduction in stroke volume compared with sham groups. Pre-treatment with FA reduced mortality to 45% and improved stroke volume (both P < 0.05 versus DOXO). These effects of FA were underlain by blunting of DOXO-induced cardiomyocyte atrophy, apoptosis, interstitial fibrosis and impairment of mitochondrial function. Mechanistically, pre-treatment with FA prevented DOXO-induced increases in superoxide anion production by reducing the eNOS monomer:dimer ratio and eNOS S-glutathionylation, and attenuated DOXO-induced decreases in superoxide dismutase, eNOS phosphorylation and NO production. Enhancing eNOS function by restoring its coupling and subsequently reducing oxidative stress with FA may be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate DOXO-induced cardiomyopathy.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cardiomyopathies/prevention & control , Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Cardiotoxicity/prevention & control , Doxorubicin/antagonists & inhibitors , Doxorubicin/toxicity , Folic Acid/pharmacology , Animals , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced , Cardiomyopathies/enzymology , Cardiomyopathies/mortality , Cardiotoxicity/enzymology , Cardiotoxicity/mortality , Cardiotoxicity/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mitochondria/drug effects , Mitochondria/enzymology , Mitochondria/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Phosphorylation , Stroke Volume/drug effects , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Superoxides/antagonists & inhibitors , Superoxides/metabolism , Survival AnalysisABSTRACT
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) serves as a critical enzyme in maintaining vascular pressure by producing nitric oxide (NO); hence, it has a crucial role in the regulation of endothelial function. The bioavailability of eNOS-derived NO is crucial for this function and might be affected at multiple levels. Uncoupling of eNOS, with subsequently less NO and more superoxide generation, is one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction found in atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperhomocysteinemia, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, modulating eNOS uncoupling by stabilizing eNOS activity, enhancing its substrate, cofactors, and transcription, and reversing uncoupled eNOS are attractive therapeutic approaches to improve endothelial function. This review provides an extensive overview of the important role of eNOS uncoupling in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and the potential therapeutic interventions to modulate eNOS for tackling endothelial dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Vascular Diseases/drug therapy , Vascular Diseases/metabolism , Animals , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Enzyme Induction/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Enzyme Stability/drug effects , Humans , Nitric Oxide/agonists , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/chemistry , Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Stem Cells/drug effects , Stem Cells/enzymology , Stem Cells/metabolism , Vascular Diseases/diagnosis , Vascular Diseases/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and for all three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. It also has a protective role in the cell as an antioxidant and scavenger of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. Experimental studies in humans and animals demonstrate that decreased BH(4)-bioavailability, with subsequent uncoupling of endothelial NOS (eNOS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and pathologic cardiac remodeling. Synthetic BH(4) is clinically approved for the treatment of phenylketonuria, and experimental studies support its capacity for ameliorating cardiovascular pathophysiologies. To date, however, the translation of these studies to human patients remains limited, and early results have been mixed. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiologic role of decreased BH(4) bioavailability, molecular mechanisms regulating its metabolism, and its potential therapeutic use as well as pitfalls as an NOS-modulating drug. This article is part of a special issue entitled ''Key Signaling Molecules in Hypertrophy and Heart Failure.''
