ABSTRACT
The radioligand [18F]FPEB, used for PET imaging of the brain's metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5), undergoes a thorough validation process to ensure its safety, efficacy, and quality for clinical use. The process starts by optimizing the synthesis of [18F]FPEB to achieve high radiochemical yield and purity. This study focuses on optimizing the radiolabeling process using an aryl-chloro precursor and validating the GMP production for clinical applications. Fully automated radiolabeling was achieved via one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction. [18F]FPEB was produced and isolated in high radioactivity and radiochemical purity. Throughout the validation process, thorough quality control measures are implemented. Radiopharmaceutical batch release criteria are established, including testing for physical appearance, filter integrity, pH, radiochemical purity, molar activity, radiochemical identity, chemical impurity, structural identity, stability, residual solvent, sterility, and endotoxin levels. In conclusion, the validation of [18F]FPEB involved a comprehensive process of synthesis optimization, quality control, which ensure the safety, efficacy, and quality of [18F]FPEB, enabling its reliable use in clinical PET. Here, we successfully radiolabeled and validated [18F]FPEB using aryl-chloro precursor according to GMP production for clinical application.
Subject(s)
Nitriles , Pyridines , Radiopharmaceuticals , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , RadiochemistryABSTRACT
Amino-2H-imidazoles are described as a new class of BACE-1 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Synthetic methods, crystal structures, and structure-activity relationships for target activity, permeability, and hERG activity are reported and discussed. Compound (S)-1m was one of the most promising compounds in this report, with high potency in the cellular assay and a good overall profile. When guinea pigs were treated with compound (S)-1m, a concentration and time dependent decrease in Aß40 and Aß42 levels in plasma, brain, and CSF was observed. The maximum reduction of brain Aß was 40-50%, 1.5 h after oral dosing (100 µmol/kg). The results presented highlight the potential of this new class of BACE-1 inhibitors with good target potency and with low effect on hERG, in combination with a fair CNS exposure in vivo.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Brain/drug effects , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/blood , Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Female , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Imidazoles/chemistry , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Peptide Fragments/blood , Peptide Fragments/cerebrospinal fluid , Permeability , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
The evaluation of a series of aminoisoindoles as ß-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors and the discovery of a clinical candidate drug for Alzheimer's disease, (S)-32 (AZD3839), are described. The improvement in permeability properties by the introduction of fluorine adjacent to the amidine moiety, resulting in in vivo brain reduction of Aß40, is discussed. Due to the basic nature of these compounds, they displayed affinity for the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) ion channel. Different ways to reduce hERG inhibition and increase hERG margins for this series are described, culminating in (S)-16 and (R)-41 showing large in vitro margins with BACE1 cell IC(50) values of 8.6 and 0.16 nM, respectively, and hERG IC(50) values of 16 and 2.8 µM, respectively. Several compounds were advanced into pharmacodynamic studies and demonstrated significant reduction of ß-amyloid peptides in mouse brain following oral dosing.
Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Alkynes/chemical synthesis , Alkynes/pharmacokinetics , Alkynes/pharmacology , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Amides/pharmacology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry , Biological Availability , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , ERG1 Potassium Channel , Ether-A-Go-Go Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Female , Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Indoles/pharmacokinetics , Indoles/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Permeability , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The evaluation of a series of bicyclic aminoimidazoles as potent BACE-1 inhibitors is described. The crystal structures of compounds 14 and 23 in complex with BACE-1 reveal hydrogen bond interactions with the protein important for achieving potent inhibition. The optimization of permeability and efflux properties of the compounds is discussed as well as the importance of these properties for attaining in vivo brain efficacy. Compound (R)-25 was selected for evaluation in vivo in wild type mice and 1.5h after oral co-administration of 300µmol/kg (R)-25 and efflux inhibitor GF120918 the brain Aß40 level was reduced by 17% and the plasma Aß40 level by 76%.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/enzymology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Brain/drug effects , Imidazoles/chemistry , Imidazoles/pharmacology , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amines/chemistry , Amines/pharmacokinetics , Amines/pharmacology , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/metabolism , Brain/enzymology , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Models, Molecular , Peptide Fragments/metabolismABSTRACT
By a small modification in the core structure of the previously reported series of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that encompasses a tertiary alcohol as part of the transition-state mimicking scaffold, up to 56 times more potent compounds were obtained exhibiting EC(50) values down to 3 nM. Three of the inhibitors also displayed excellent activity against selected resistant isolates of HIV-1. The synthesis of 25 new and optically pure HIV-1 protease inhibitors is reported, along with methods for elongation of the inhibitor P1' side chain using microwave-accelerated, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, the biological evaluation, and X-ray data obtained from one of the most potent analogues cocrystallized with both the wild type and the L63P, V82T, I84 V mutant of the HIV-1 protease.
