ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pregnancy and of maximal exercise on left ventricular diastolic filling response. STUDY DESIGN: Transmitral pulsed Doppler echocardiography was obtained in 10 healthy women during each trimester of pregnancy and at 12 weeks after delivery. Doppler studies were performed at rest and at each exercise workload. The P-R interval, the early and atrial peak flow velocities, the mitral early deceleration time, and the isovolumetric relaxation time were analyzed. Data are expressed as the mean and standard deviation of the mean. Values obtained during the last trimester of pregnancy were used as the pregnant value; values at the 12 weeks after delivery were used as the nonpregnant value. Paired t -test, analysis of variance, and mixed models were used to determine significance with a probability value of <.05. RESULTS: Pregnancy significantly increased the early and atrial peak flow velocities. Pregnancy decreased the P-R interval, the early deceleration time, and the isovolumetric relaxation time. Exercise significantly decreased these diastolic functions; but pregnancy, in any of the 3 trimesters, did not significantly affect this response. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy increased left ventricular diastolic camber stiffness at rest and shifted left ventricular diastolic filling during exercise from predominantly early to atrial filling. This finding suggests that there is an increase in left ventricular chamber stiffness during maximal upright bicycle exercise in pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Exercise Test , Exercise/physiology , Pregnancy/physiology , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Cardiac Output , Diastole/physiology , Echocardiography, Doppler , Female , Heart Function Tests , Humans , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Probability , Reference Values , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) among culled adult dairy and beef cattle in the southeastern United States. ANIMALS: 815 cattle examined during 4 visits to a slaughterhouse. PROCEDURE: The left hind foot of each animal was examined for gross lesions of PDD. Breed and sex of the animals were recorded. Lesions were examined histologically for pathologic changes and bacteria, especially spirochetes. RESULTS: 22 of 76 (29%) dairy cattle and 29 of 739 (4%) beef cattle had gross lesions of PDD. Detection of lesions was not associated with sex of dairy cattle, but male beef cattle were more likely to have lesions of PDD than were female beef cattle. Histologically, acute and chronic lesions were seen; the most severe changes were localized to the stratum corneum. Spirochetes were seen in lesions from 31 of 51 (61%) cattle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that PDD is common among culled adult cattle. Prevalence was higher in culled adult dairy cattle than in culled adult beef cattle.
