ABSTRACT
AIM: To report, for the first time, the incidence and prevalence of childhood Type 1 diabetes in Turkey using a nationwide registry. METHODS: Information on birth date, city of birth, diagnosis date and gender of all patients with Type 1 diabetes aged < 18 years were obtained from the Turkish Social Security Institute for the period from January 2011 to December 2013. RESULTS: There were 17 175 prevalent cases of Type 1 diabetes over the 3-year period. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes was 0.75/1 000 (95% CI 0.74-0.76) and was higher in girls than in boys (0.79 vs 0.72 /1 000; P < 0.01). There were 2465 incident cases in 2013. The incidence was slightly higher among girls (50.6%) than boys (49.4%); the girl:boy case ratio was 1.02. The incidence was 10.4/100 000 for boys and 11.3/100 000 for girls. The age-standardized incidence rate was 10.8 per 100 000 (95% CI 10.1-11.5) according to the WHO standard population, estimated using the direct method. The mean patient age at diagnosis was 10.6 ± 4.6 years. The highest proportion of cases (40.6%) was diagnosed in children aged 10-14 years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report the incidence and prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in children in Turkey. The incidence of Type 1 diabetes reflects the geographical location of Turkey, bridging Asia and Europe, with the incidence being higher than in Asia but lower than in Europe.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Development , Child Development , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/ethnology , Female , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Male , Prevalence , Registries , Risk , Sex Factors , Turkey/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine whether administration of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, has a protective effect in the prevention of renal injury in a rat model after Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL), with the assessment based on histopathologic examination and measurement of Heat Shock Protein 70 expression. METHODS: A total of 40 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups as follows; control group, group SN3, group SN7, group TSN3, TSN7. Both kidneys were evaluated regarding tubular damage, peritubular fibrosis and glomerular damage using light microscopy. We examined HSP-70 expression, which occurred in response to renal ischemic injury observed after SWL. The groups were compared between each other and with the control group. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found when the groups were compared using light microscopy for the changes in glomeruli. Tubular necrosis, loss of microvilli and peritubular fibrosis were less in Group TSN3 and Group TSN7 compared to Group SN3. Similarly, tubular necrosis, loss of microvilli and peritubular fibrosis were less in Group TSN3 and Group TSN7 compared to Group SN7. HSP-70 staining was less in Group TSN3 and Group TSN7 compared to Group SN3 and Group SN7. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of light microscopy and HSP-70 staining, we demonstrated that SWL could cause renal ischemia- reperfusion injury. Our results suggested that Tadalafil administration could prevent this SWL-related renal cell injury (Tab. 2, Fig. 5, Ref. 28).
