Evaluation of neuropsychological development of children diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Studies on primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis have supported neuromotor development delay. This study aims to examine the neuropsychological development of children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 30 children diagnosed with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and 30 healthy children. Both groups were analyzed by pediatric psychologists using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and the Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Detection test. The WISC-R test is an intelligence test that includes six verbal subscales (information, similarities, arithmetic, vocabulary, judgment, and digit span) and six performance subscales (picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, coding, and labyrinths). The Bender Gestalt test is a psychological assessment instrument used to evaluate visuomotor functioning, visuospatial functions, spatial memory, visuomotor integration skills, and visual perception skills. RESULTS: There were no differences in age (7.66±0.9 versus 8±1.07 years, p>0.05) or sex (20 females versus 20 males, p>0.05) between the groups. Picture completion (p=0.024), picture arrangement (p=0.001), and object assembly test (p=0.000) performance was found to be worse in subjects with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. Similarity (p=0.021) and judgment tests (p=0.048) of the verbal subtests were also found to be delayed in the nocturnal enuresis cases. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that children with nocturnal enuresis have lower performance compared with the control group in terms of abstract thinking, correct expression of thought, cause-result relation, short-term memory, and problem-solving ability. These children should be routinely tested by neurodevelopment tests and receive support in areas in which they are delayed.

Yields and constituents of essential oil from cones of Pinaceae spp. natively grown in Turkey.

In this study, the yields and composition of essential oils obtained from the cones of Pinaceae family species natively grown in Turkey were investigated. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation. Oil yields were 0.13-0.48 mL/100 g in pine cones, 0.42-0.59 mL/100g in fir, 0.36 mL/100g in spruce and 0.37 mL/100g in cedar. While alpha-pinene (47.1-14.8%) was the main constituent of P. slyvestris, P. nigra and P. halepensis, limonene (62.8%) in P. pinea and beta-pinene (39.6%) in P. brutia were found in higher amounts. Like in P. pinea, limonene was the main compound in Cedrus libani (22.7%). In fir species the major compounds were alpha-pinene (70.6-53.0%) and beta-pinene (10.9-8.2%). Contrary to other species beta-pinene (32.7%) was found as a major compound in Picea orientalis.

Glycosidically bound volatiles and flavor precursors in Laurus nobilis L.

Glycosidically bound volatile compounds in different parts (leaves and buds) of Laurus nobilis L. were investigated. After isolation of extracts obtained by Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption and methanol elution, glycosides were analyzed after enzymatic hydrolysis by GC-MS or directly after trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization by GC-MS in EI and NCI mode. In the leaves most of the glycosidically bound volatiles occur as beta-D-glucopyranosides. Among the disaccharides, primeverosides are predominant; smaller amounts of alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosides, rutinosides, and vicianocides could also be identified. Major aglycons comprised benzyl alcohol, some linalool-diols, 2-hydroxy-1,8-cineole and its derivatives such as 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole, sobrerols, and menthadien-8-ols. Among the identified nor-carotenoids, 3-oxo-alpha-ionol, the corresponding 7,8-dihydro derivative, and vomifoliol are predominant in leaves. 3-Hydroxy-beta-damascone and 3-hydroxy-7,8-didehydro-beta-ionol, precursors of the sensorially active damascenone, were identified only in the buds.

Volatile constituents and key odorants in leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits of Laurus nobilis L.

The volatiles of fresh leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits from bay (Laurus nolilis L.) were isolated by solvent extraction and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their odor quality was characterized by gas chomatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (HRGC-O-MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). In fresh bay leaves 1,8-cineole was the major component, together with alpha-terpinyl acetate, sabinene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-elemene, alpha-terpineol, linalool, and eugenol. Besides 1,8-cineole and the pinenes, the main components in flowers were alpha-eudesmol, beta-elemene, and beta-caryophyllene, in fruits (E)-beta-ocimene and biclyclogermacrene, and in buds (E)-beta-ocimene and germacrene D. The aliphatic ocimenes and farnesenes were absent in leaves. By using HRGC-O-MS 21 odor compounds were identified in fresh leaves. Application of AEDA revealed (Z)-3-hexenal (fresh green), 1,8-cineole (eucalyptus), linalool (flowery), eugenol (clove), (E)-isoeugenol (flowery), and an unidentified compound (black pepper) with the highest flavor dilution factors. Differences between buds, flowers, fruits, and leaves with regard to the identified odor compounds are presented.