ABSTRACT
AIM: Clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic foot infections developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) are commonly used worldwide. The issue of whether or not these guidelines need to be adjusted for local circumstances, however, has seldom been assessed in large prospective trials. METHODS: The Turk-DAY trial was a prospective, multi-center study in which infectious disease specialists from centers across Turkey were invited to participate (NCT02026830). RESULTS: A total of 35 centers throughout Turkey enrolled patients in the trial. Overall, investigators collected a total of 522 specimens from infected diabetic foot wounds for culture from 447 individual patients. Among all isolates, 36.4% were gram-positive organisms, with Staphylococcus aureus the most common among these (11.4%). Gram-negative organisms constituted 60.2% of all the isolates, and the most commonly isolated gram-negative was Escherichia coli (15%). The sensitivity rates of the isolated species were remarkably low for several antimicrobials used in the mild infection group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, several of the antimicrobials frequently used for empirical treatment, including some also recommended in the IDSA guidelines, would not be optimal for treating diabetic foot infections in Turkey. Although the IDSA guideline recommendations may be helpful to guide empiric antimicrobial therapy of DFIs, they should be adjusted to local conditions.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Diabetic Foot/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Wound Infection/drug therapy , Wound Infection/microbiology , Aged , Diabetic Foot/physiopathology , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/physiopathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/physiopathology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Turkey , Wound Infection/physiopathologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Nicolau syndrome, also known as livedo-like dermatitis or embolia cutis medicamentosa, is a rare complication following the intramuscular or intra-articular injection of various drugs. CASE PRESENTATION: In our case report we report the case of a 45-year-old Turkish woman who developed Nicolau syndrome after an intramuscular injection in her right gluteal region of single-dose diclofenac sodium to treat a headache. A culture taken from the ulcer showed growth of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus on the 10th day. The secondary staphylococcal infection was treated effectively with intravascular ampicillin-sulbactam (4 × 1.5 g/day). She was treated with surgical debridement, sterile dressings and analgesics. The ulcer healed completely within 12 weeks with scarring. CONCLUSIONS: Although Nicolau syndrome develops very rarely, it is an important cause for morbidity. It is an iatrogenic condition, treated mostly by health care workers. Thus, although it appears to be a very simple procedure for a health care worker, care must be taken during intramuscular injections. Although diclofenac sodium is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Nicolau syndrome following intramuscular diclofenac sodium injection has rarely been reported in the published literature. The application of a cold compress was considered to be an aggravating factor in our patient. This case highlights the need for awareness about this condition and the need to exercise utmost care during the administration of any parenteral injections by health workers.
