Subject(s)
Epistaxis/therapy , Tampons, Surgical , Algorithms , Bandages , Humans , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Cellulitis , Face , Stomatognathic Diseases/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Referral and ConsultationABSTRACT
The PML protein is a defining constituent of subnuclear structures known as ND10. PML is expressed as a series of primary sequence isoforms through alternative RNA processing. Expression of each of six distinct PML isoforms that differed in their C-terminal domains caused reproducible differences in the number, size, and shape of ND10 in both transformed cell lines and diploid fibroblasts. In each case, PML from the endogenous genes was reorganized to participate with the exogenously expressed PML in the new configuration of ND10. Variation in ND10 number is known to occur during the cell cycle; however, the cell cycle distribution of the transfected cells that displayed these altered ND10 was similar for all six PML isoforms. Given our findings, the precise level of expression of the different PML isoforms under particular physiological conditions will be an important determinant of ND10 organization and function and is a potential point of regulation of PML/ND10 function.
Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus Structures/physiology , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Nucleus Structures/metabolism , Flow Cytometry , Fluorescent Dyes , Humans , Indoles , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology , Microscopy, Confocal , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Plasmids , Protein Isoforms/chemistry , Protein Isoforms/genetics , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Protein Structure, Tertiary , TransfectionABSTRACT
Mucosal human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of a number of human pathologies, including benign condylomas, as well as of the majority of cervical cancers and their high-grade precursor lesions. Although the viral E6 protein is known to be essential for driving malignant progression of HPV-infected cells, there are still many uncertainties about its mode of action. In this study, we have analysed the intracellular distribution of the E6 oncoproteins from the high-risk HPV-18 and the low-risk HPV-11. We show that both E6 proteins localize within the nucleus in nuclear bodies that are confocal with the promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) protein. Using a panel of different PML isoforms, we demonstrate specific co-localization between the E6 proteins and PML isoforms I-IV, but not with PML isoforms V and VI. We also demonstrate the interaction between E6 and a subset of PML isoforms in vivo. As a consequence of this interaction, the insoluble form of PML IV is destabilized by HPV-18 E6 through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Interestingly, both HPV-11 E6 and HPV-18 E6 can readily overcome PML IV-induced cellular senescence in primary cells. These results show separable functions for different PML isoforms that are specifically targeted by the HPV E6 oncoproteins.
