Novel peptide calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists for migraine therapy.

OBJECTIVES: It has previously been shown that the peptide (34Pro,35Phe)CGRP27-37 is a potent calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP receptor antagonist, and in this project we aimed to improve the antagonist potency through the structural modification of truncated C-terminal CGRP peptides. METHODS: Six peptide analogues were synthesized and the anti-CGRP activity confirmed using both in vitro and in vivo studies. KEY FINDINGS: A 10 amino acid-containing peptide VPTDVGPFAF-NH2 (P006) was identified as a key candidate to take forward for in vivo evaluation, where it was shown to be an effective antagonist after intraperitoneal injection into mice. P006 was formulated as a preparation suitable for nasal administration by spray drying with chitosan to form mucoadhesive microcarriers (9.55 ± 0.91 mm diameter) and a loading of 0.2 mg peptide per 20 mg dose. CONCLUSIONS: The project has demonstrated the potential of these novel small peptide CGRP antagonists, to undergo future preclinical evaluation as anti-migraine therapeutics.

Probing Peptidylprolyl Bond cis/trans Status Using Distal 19 F NMR Reporters.

A method for measuring peptidylprolyl bond cis-trans conformational status in peptide models is described, using 4-fluorophenylalanine (4FPhe) as a distal reporter for 19 F NMR. The %cis-Pro population was measured for peptides of the general structure Ac-X-Pro-Z-Ala-Ala-4FPhe (X and Z are proteinogenic amino acids) at pH 7.4, and provided conformational populations consistent with literature values obtained by more complex methods. This approach was applied to probe the prolyl bond status in pentapeptide models of the intrinsically disordered C-terminal region of α-synuclein, which mirrored the preferences in the Ac-X-Pro-Z-Ala-4FPhe models. Advantageously, the 19 F reporter group does not need to be adjacent to or attached to proline to provide quantifiable signals and distal 4-fluorophenylalanines can be placed so as not to influence prolyl bond conformation. Finally, we demonstrated that the prolyl bond status is not significantly affected by pH when there are ionisable amino acid residues at the carboxyl side of proline, which makes 19 F NMR an invaluable tool with which to study proline isomerism at a range of pHs and in different solvents and buffers.

A CGRP receptor antagonist peptide formulated for nasal administration to treat migraine.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the formulation of the peptide-based antagonist (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 , of the human calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor as a potential nasally delivered migraine treatment. METHODS: Peptide sequences were prepared using automated methods and purified by preparative HPLC. Their structure and stability were determined by LC-MS. Antagonist potency was assessed by measuring CGRP-stimulated cAMP accumulation in SK-N-MC, cells and in CHO cells overexpressing the human CGRP receptor. In vivo activity was tested in plasma protein extravasation (PPE) studies using Evans blue dye accumulation. Peptide-containing chitosan microparticles were prepared by spray drying. KEY FINDINGS: (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 exhibited a 10-fold increased affinity compared to αCGRP27-37 . Administration of (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 to mice led to a significant decrease in CGRP-induced PPE confirming antagonistic properties in vivo. There was no degradation of (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 and no loss of antagonist potency during formulation and release from chitosan microparticles. CONCLUSIONS: (34 Pro,35 Phe)CGRP27-37 is a potent CGRP receptor antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, and it can be formulated as a dry powder with no loss of activity indicating its potential as a nasally formulated anti-migraine medicine.

Design and development of stapled transmembrane peptides that disrupt the activity of G-protein-coupled receptor oligomers.

Membrane proteins can associate into larger complexes. Examples include receptor tyrosine complexes, ion channels, transporters, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). For the latter, there is abundant evidence indicating that GPCRs assemble into complexes, through both homo- and heterodimerization. However, the tools for studying and disrupting these complexes, GPCR or otherwise, are limited. Here, we have developed stabilized interference peptides for this purpose. We have previously reported that tetrahydrocannabinol-mediated cognitive impairment arises from homo- or heterooligomerization between the GPCRs cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2AR) receptors. Here, to disrupt this interaction through targeting CB1-5-HT2A receptor heteromers in HEK293 cells and using an array of biochemical techniques, including calcium and cAMP measurements, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, and CD-based helicity assessments, we developed a NanoLuc binary technology (NanoBiT)-based reporter assay to screen a small library of aryl-carbon-stapled transmembrane-mimicking peptides produced by solid-phase peptide synthesis. We found that these stapling peptides have increased α-helicity and improved proteolytic resistance without any loss of disrupting activity in vitro, suggesting that this approach may also have utility in vivo In summary, our results provide proof of concept for using NanoBiT to study membrane protein complexes and for stabilizing disrupting peptides to target such membrane complexes through hydrocarbon-mediated stapling. We propose that these peptides could be developed to target previously undruggable GPCR heteromers.

Fluorinated Prolines as Conformational Tools and Reporters for Peptide and Protein Chemistry.

Amide bonds at the proline nitrogen are particularly susceptible to rotation, affording cis and trans isomers. Installation of a stereochemically defined electron-withdrawing fluorine atom or fluorinated groups has the power to influence the cis- trans conformational preferences of the amide bond in X-(F)Pro (where X = any other amino acid). Advantageously, this also provides a sensitive reporter for 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of protein conformation, interactions, and dynamics. We deliberately use the term "fluorinated prolines" as an all-encompassing term to describe proline analogues containing one or more fluorine atoms and to avoid confusion with the more well-known 4-fluoroprolines. This review presents a critical discussion of the growing repertoire of fluorinated prolines that have been described and, importantly, provides a comparison of their uses and relative influence on amide-bond conformation and discusses the significant potential of using 19F NMR as a tool to probe conformational changes in polypeptides.

Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees.

Diverse forms of nanoscale architecture generate structural colour and perform signalling functions within and between species. Structural colour is the result of the interference of light from approximately regular periodic structures; some structural disorder is, however, inevitable in biological organisms. Is this disorder functional and subject to evolutionary selection, or is it simply an unavoidable outcome of biological developmental processes? Here we show that disordered nanostructures enable flowers to produce visual signals that are salient to bees. These disordered nanostructures (identified in most major lineages of angiosperms) have distinct anatomies but convergent optical properties; they all produce angle-dependent scattered light, predominantly at short wavelengths (ultraviolet and blue). We manufactured artificial flowers with nanoscale structures that possessed tailored levels of disorder in order to investigate how foraging bumblebees respond to this optical effect. We conclude that floral nanostructures have evolved, on multiple independent occasions, an effective degree of relative spatial disorder that generates a photonic signature that is highly salient to insect pollinators.

Rapid laboratory detection of meningococcal disease outbreaks caused by serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis.

Molecular subtyping is of significant importance to the recognition of outbreaks of meningococcal disease caused by serogroup C Neisseria meningitidis. We describe the application of multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) for the molecular subtyping of N. meningitidis and compare its performance to that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). For MLVA, a multiplex PCR assay targeting five variable number tandem repeat regions was developed and evaluated using a panel of sporadic and outbreak-associated serogroup C N. meningitidis isolates. MLVA was highly reproducible and provided results within 6 h. Overall, the discriminatory power of MLVA was equivalent to that of PFGE. The utilization of MLVA for subtyping N. meningitidis isolates provides a rapid and safer alternative to PFGE for identifying outbreaks of meningococcal disease. As such, it may provide public health officials with timely information that may minimize the spread of outbreak-related cases through prophylaxis.

Association of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis yafD with resistance to chicken egg albumen.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major cause of food-borne diseases in industrialized countries. The incidence of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis infections has increased substantially in recent decades, and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis is now one of the leading serovars of Salmonella in the United States. A unique epidemiological characteristic of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis is its association with chicken shell eggs, since approximately 80% of all human gastrointestinal diseases can be traced to contaminated egg products. Eggs are contaminated when bacteria from reproductive tissues of infected hens are packaged into the eggs and persist inside the hostile egg albumen environment. Therefore, resistance to egg albumen is an important aspect in the transmission of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis. We identified a gene, yafD from S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, whose overexpression conferred upon S. enterica serovar Typhimurium enhanced resistance to egg albumen, while disruption of this gene in S. enterica serovar Enteritidis rendered the organism more susceptible to egg albumen. YafD is homologous to members of an exonuclease-endonuclease-phosphatase family, including some enzymes involved in DNA repair. Furthermore, we discovered that egg albumen has nuclease activities and uses both circular and linear DNA as substrates. We propose that YafD provides a survival advantage to S. enterica serovar Enteritidis in eggs by repairing DNA damage caused by egg albumen and that it may be one of the biologic determinants that contribute to the epidemiological association of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis with egg products.

The global regulator ArcA controls resistance to reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major cause of food-borne diseases associated with consumption of shell eggs. Clinical isolates of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis exhibit a wide spectrum of virulence in mice. A highly virulent isolate (SE2472) was previously shown to be more resistant in vitro than other clinical isolates to acidified sodium nitrite (ASN), a generator of reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates (RNI/ROI). SE2472 is also more resistant to S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) than an ASN-susceptible isolate of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE8743). To investigate the molecular basis for the RNI/ROI resistance of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, we transformed a genomic DNA library of SE2472 into SE8743. A plasmid clone conferred upon SE8743 enhanced resistance to ASN, GSNO, and H(2)O(2). The DNA insert in the clone encoded ArcA, a global regulator. An arcA mutant of SE2472 was constructed and was found to be more susceptible to GSNO and hydrogen peroxide but not more susceptible to ASN than wild-type SE2472. The susceptibility of the arcA mutant to GSNO and H(2)O(2) was complemented by a plasmid harboring arcA. The coding sequence of the arcA gene in SE2472 and the coding sequence of the arcA gene in SE8743 were identical, suggesting that the difference in resistance to RNI/ROI maybe due to the activity of genes regulated by ArcA. No significant difference in virulence between the wild type and the arcA mutant of SE2472 was observed in mice. These observations show that arcA is essential for resistance of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis to nitrosative and oxidative stress. However, additional genetic loci may contribute to the resistance to RNI/ROI and unusually high virulence for mice of SE2472.