ADHD, suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and alcohol problem in Korean juvenile delinquency.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence rates of externalizing symptom, ADHD, as well as internalizing symptoms, depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, self-esteem, and alcohol problem in Korea juvenile delinquency for the first time in Korea. A case-control study design was used. It also examined the associations with ADHD, suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and alcohol problem between the Juvenile Delinquency group and the comparison group in Korea.A series of questionnaires were provided to a total of 251 participants (149 from the juvenile delinquency group and 102 from the comparison group) from October 2015 to December 2015 in Korea. All participants were evaluated using KARS, SSI, BDI, BAI, RSI, and CAGE. This study showed the relationship between ADHD, suicidal ideation, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and alcohol problem in Korean juvenile delinquency. Also this study showed that ADHD and self-esteem were important factors in predicting juvenile delinquency. Therefore, in order to prevent juvenile delinquency, special attention, and consideration are needed for adolescents with high ADHD or low self-esteem.

Ecological context, concentrated disadvantage, and youth reoffending: identifying the social mechanisms in a sample of serious adolescent offenders.

Serious youthful offenders are presented with a number of significant challenges when trying to make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. One of the biggest obstacles for these youth to overcome concerns their ability to desist from further antisocial behavior, and although an emerging body of research has documented important risk and protective factors associated with desistance, the importance of the neighborhoods within which these youth reside has been understudied. Guided by the larger neighborhood effects on crime literature, the current study examines the direct and indirect effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending among a sample of highly mobile, serious youthful offenders. We use data from Pathways to Desistance, a longitudinal study of serious youthful offenders (N = 1,354; 13.6% female; 41.4% African American, 33.5% Hispanic, 20.2% White), matched up with 2000 Census data on neighborhood conditions for youth's main residence location during waves 7 and 8 of the study. These waves represent the time period in which youth are navigating the transition to adulthood (aged 18-22; average age = 20). We estimate structural equation models to determine direct effects of concentrated disadvantage on youth reoffending and also to examine the possible indirect effects working through individual-level mechanisms as specified by theoretical perspectives including social control (e.g., unsupervised peer activities), strain (e.g., exposure to violence), and learning (e.g., exposure to antisocial peers). Additionally, we estimate models that take into account the impact that a change in neighborhood conditions may have on the behavior of youth who move to new residences during the study period. Our results show that concentrated disadvantage is indirectly associated with youth reoffending primarily through its association with exposure to deviant peers. Taking into account youth mobility during the study period produced an additional indirect pathway by which concentrated disadvantage is associated with goal blockage (i.e., the gap between belief in conventional goals and perceived potential to reach those goals), which was then associated with exposure to deviant peers and indirectly, reoffending behavior. We conclude that the neighborhood effects literature offers a promising framework for continued research on understanding the successful transition to adulthood by serious youthful offenders.

Subacute toxicity and toxicokinetics of CJ-10882, a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, after 4-week repeated oral administration in dogs.

The subacute toxicity and toxicokinetics of a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, CJ-10882, were evaluated after single (on the 1st day) and 4-week (on the 27th day) oral administration of the drug, in doses of 0 (to serve as a control), 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg/day, to male and female dogs (n=3 for male and female dogs for each dose). During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weight and histopathology were examined. The 4-week repeated oral doses of CJ-10882 resulted in salivation, vomiting, and atrophy of the thymus. The absolute toxic dose was 50 mg/kg/day and the level at which no adverse effects were observed was 2 mg/kg/day for male and female dogs. There were no significant gender differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of CJ-10882 for each dose after both single and 4-week oral administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters of CJ-10882 were dose independent after a single oral administration; the time to reach a peak plasma concentration (T(max)) and the dose-normalized area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 8 h in plasma (AUC(0-8 h)) were not significantly different among three doses. The accumulation of CJ-10882 after 4-week oral administration was not notable at the toxic dose of 50 mg/kg/day. For example, after 4-week administration, the dose-normalized AUC(0-8 h) value at 50 mg/kg/day (0.132 microg h/ml) was not significantly greater than that at 10 mg/kg/day (0.131 microg h/ml). After 4-week oral administration, the dose-normalized C(max) and AUC(0-8 h) at 50 mg/kg/day were not significantly higher and greater, respectively, than those after the single oral administration.

Subacute toxicity and toxicokinetics of a new antibiotic, DW-224a, after single and 4-week repeated oral administration in dogs.

The subacute toxicity and toxicokinetics of a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, DW-224a, were evaluated after single (on the 1st day) and 4-week (on the 28th day) oral administration of the drug at doses of 0 (to serve as a control), 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg/d, to male and female dogs (n=3 for male and female dogs for each dose). During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weight and histopathology were examined. The 4-week repeated oral dose of DW-224a resulted in vomiting, salivation, increased serum cholesterol level, and atrophy of thymus and testes. The target organ was determined to be the thymus and testes. The absolute toxic dose of DW-224a was 30 mg/kg and the level at which no adverse effects were observed was 10 mg/kg for both sexes. There were no significant gender differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of DW-224a for each dose after both single and 4-week oral administration. The pharmacokinetic parameters of DW-224a were dose independent after a single oral administration; the time to reach the peak plasma concentration (T(max)) and the dose-normalized area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h in plasma (AUC(0-24 h)) were not significantly different among the three doses. The accumulation of DW-224a after 4-week oral administration was not notable at the toxic dose of 90 mg/kg/d. For example, after 4-week administration, the dose-normalized AUC(0-24 h) value at 90 mg/kg/d (7.69, 7.05 microg h/ml) was not significantly greater than that at 10 mg/kg/d. After 4-week oral administration, the dose-normalized C(max) and AUC(0-24 h) at 90 mg/kg/d were not significantly higher and greater, respectively, than those after a single oral administration.