Plasma Surface Modification of 3Y-TZP at Low and Atmospheric Pressures with Different Treatment Times.

The efficiency of plasma surface modifications depends on the operating conditions. This study investigated the effect of chamber pressure and plasma exposure time on the surface properties of 3Y-TZP with N2/Ar gas. Plate-shaped zirconia specimens were randomly divided into two categories: vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma. Each group was subdivided into five subgroups according to the treatment time: 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. Following the plasma treatments, we characterized the surface properties, including wettability, chemical composition, crystal structure, surface morphology, and zeta potential. These were analyzed through various techniques, such as contact angle measurement, XPS, XRD, SEM, FIB, CLSM, and electrokinetic measurements. The atmospheric plasma treatments increased zirconia's electron donation (γ-) capacity, while the vacuum plasma treatments decreased γ- parameter with increasing times. The highest concentration of the basic hydroxyl OH(b) groups was identified after a 5 min exposure to atmospheric plasmas. With longer exposure times, the vacuum plasmas induce electrical damage. Both plasma systems increased the zeta potential of 3Y-TZP, showing positive values in a vacuum. In the atmosphere, the zeta potential rapidly increased after 1 min. Atmospheric plasma treatments would be beneficial for the adsorption of oxygen and nitrogen from ambient air and the generation of various active species on the zirconia surface.

Human Trial for the Effect of Plasma-Activated Water Spray on Vaginal Cleaning in Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis.

Underwater plasma discharge temporally produces several reactive radicals and/or free chlorine molecules in water, which is responsible for antimicrobial activity. Hence, it can simply sanitize tap water without disinfectant treatment. Additionally, the spraying technique using cleaning water exploits deep application in the narrow and curved vaginal tract of patients. Herein, we attempted a clinical trial to evaluate the vaginal cleaning effect of spraying plasma-activated water (PAW) to patients with vaginitis (46 patients). The efficacy was compared with treatment with betadine antiseptics used to treat bacterial vaginosis (40 patients). To evaluate the cleaning effect, Gram staining of the vaginal secretions was conducted before and after spraying PAW or betadine treatment (BT). Consequently, PAW-sprayed (PAWS) patients (22.3%) showed a better vaginal cleaning effect against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria than BT patients (14.4%). Moreover, 18 patients in the BT group showed worsened vaginal contamination, whereas five patients in the PAWS group showed worsened vaginal contamination. Taken together, the noncontact method of spraying cleaning water to the vagina exhibited a reliable vaginal cleaning effect without further bacterial infection compared with BT. Therefore, we suggest a clinical application of the spraying method using PAW for vaginal cleaning to patients with vaginitis without disinfectants and antibiotics.

Surface Texturing of Si with Periodically Arrayed Oblique Nanopillars to Achieve Antireflection.

Si surfaces were texturized with periodically arrayed oblique nanopillars using slanted plasma etching, and their optical reflectance was measured. The weighted mean reflectance (Rw) of the nanopillar-arrayed Si substrate decreased monotonically with increasing angles of the nanopillars. This may have resulted from the increase in the aspect ratio of the trenches between the nanopillars at oblique angles due to the shadowing effect. When the aspect ratios of the trenches between the nanopillars at 0° (vertical) and 40° (oblique) were equal, the Rw of the Si substrates arrayed with nanopillars at 40° was lower than that at 0°. This study suggests that surface texturing of Si with oblique nanopillars reduces light reflection compared to using a conventional array of vertical nanopillars.

Slot-embedded photonic-crystal resonator with enhanced modal confinement.

A photonic-crystal (PC) resonator has attracted a great deal of attention for the strong light-matter interaction. Many attempts have been made to achieve a high-quality factor of the PC resonator, but they always have accompanied increases of modal volumes. In this work, we propose a novel method to enhance modal confinement of the PC resonator without compromising the quality factor. In the proposed structure, a thin low-index slot layer is embedded in a two-dimensional PC for vertical confinement, which results in a remarkable mode volume reduction without a decrease of the quality factor. By optimizing the slot thickness, a quality factor to mode volume ratio, which is a figure of merit for an optical resonator, could be increased by 8 times.

ZrO2-SiO2 nanosheets with ultrasmall WO3 nanoparticles and their enhanced pseudocapacitance and stability.

We report on the first synthesis of porous ZrO2-SiO2 sheets with well-defined ultrasmall WO3 nanoparticles for energy storage performance. In our system, for improving the surface deterioration of electrode, we use the ZrO2-SiO2 sheets using graphene oxide as a template to access electrode substrate. The synthesized electrode with about 20 nm thickness and about 10 nm pores, has a maximum value of 313 F/g at current density of 1 A/g and a minimum value of 160 F/g at current density of 30 A/g in the specific capacitance. In addition, over 90% of its initial specific capacitance is retained when they are cycled up to 2500 cycles.

Electrodeposition of Manganese-Nickel Oxide Films on a Graphite Sheet for Electrochemical Capacitor Applications.

Manganese-nickel (Mn-Ni) oxide films were electrodeposited on a graphite sheet in a bath consisting of manganese acetate and nickel chloride, and the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of these films were investigated. The electrodeposited Mn-Ni oxide films had porous structures covered with nanofibers. The X-ray diffractometer pattern revealed the presence of separate manganese oxide (g-MnO2) and nickel oxide (NiO) in the films. The electrodeposited Mn-Ni oxide electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 424 F/g in Na2SO4 electrolyte. This electrode maintained 86% of its initial specific capacitance over 2000 cycles of the charge-discharge operation, showing good cycling stability.

Particle size-dependent giant nonlinear absorption in nanostructured Ni-Ti alloys.

The nonlinear absorption in nanostructured Ni-Ti alloys, fabricated by electrochemical deposition, was investigated at 532 and 1064 nm. The type of nonlinear absorption (saturable or reverse saturable absorption) was observed to depend on the laser intensity as well as on the nanoparticle size. The nanostructured Ni-Ti alloys comprising particle mean diameters of 20 and 30 nm exhibited large three-photon absorption (3PA coefficient approximately 10(6) cm(3)/GW(2)) and large two-photon absorption (2PA coefficient approximately 10(5) cm/GW) at 532 nm, respectively. The observed change over from reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption at high peak intensities has qualitatively been analyzed by the excited-state theory of conduction electrons.