Community structure and function during periods of high performance and system upset in a full-scale mixed microalgal wastewater resource recovery facility.

Microalgae have the potential to exceed current nutrient recovery limits from wastewater, enabling water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) to achieve increasingly stringent effluent permits. The use of photobioreactors (PBRs) and the separation of hydraulic retention and solids residence time (HRT/SRT) further enables increased biomass in a reduced physical footprint while allowing operational parameters (e.g., SRT) to select for desired functional communities. However, as algal technology transitions to full-scale, there is a need to understand the effect of operational and environmental parameters on complex microbial dynamics among mixotrophic microalgae, bacterial groups, and pests (i.e., grazers and pathogens) and to implement robust process controls for stable long-term performance. Here, we examine a full-scale, intensive WRRF utilizing mixed microalgae for tertiary treatment in the US (EcoRecover, Clearas Water Recovery Inc.) during a nine-month monitoring campaign. We investigated the temporal variations in microbial community structure (18S and 16S rRNA genes), which revealed that stable system performance of the EcoRecover system was marked by a low-diversity microalgal community (DINVSIMPSON = 2.01) dominated by Scenedesmus sp. (MRA = 55 %-80 %) that achieved strict nutrient removal (effluent TP < 0.04 mg·L-1) and steady biomass concentration (TSSmonthly avg. = 400-700 mg·L-1). Operational variables including pH, alkalinity, and influent ammonium (NH4+), correlated positively (p < 0.05, method = Spearman) with algal community during stable performance. Further, the use of these parameters as operational controls along with N/P loading and SRT allowed for system recovery following upset events. Importantly, the presence or absence of bacterial nitrification did not directly impact algal system performance and overall nutrient recovery, but partial nitrification (potentially resulting from NO2- accumulation) inhibited algal growth and should be considered during long-term operation. The microalgal communities were also adversely affected by zooplankton grazers (ciliates, rotifers) and fungal parasites (Aphelidium), particularly during periods of upset when algal cultures were experiencing culture turnover or stress conditions (e.g., nitrogen limitation, elevated temperature). Overall, the active management of system operation in order to maintain healthy algal cultures and high biomass productivity can result in significant periods (>4 months) of stable system performance that achieve robust nutrient recovery, even in winter months in northern latitudes (WI, USA).

Resource Cluster-Based Resource Search and Allocation Scheme for Vehicular Clouds in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks.

Vehicular clouds represent an appealing approach, leveraging vehicles' resources to generate value-added services. Thus, efficiently searching for and allocating resources is a challenge for the successful construction of vehicular clouds. Many recent schemes have relied on hierarchical network architectures using clusters to address this challenge. These clusters are typically constructed based on vehicle proximity, such as being on the same road or within the same region. However, this approach struggles to rapidly search for and consistently allocate resources, especially considering the diverse resource types and varying mobility of vehicles. To address these limitations, we propose the Resource Cluster-based Resource Search and Allocation (RCSA) scheme. RCSA constructs resource clusters based on resource types rather than vehicle proximity. This allows for more efficient resource searching and allocation. Within these resource clusters, RCSA supports both intra-resource cluster search for the same resource type and inter-resource cluster search for different resource types. In RCSA, vehicles with longer connection times and larger resource capacities are allocated in vehicular clouds to minimize cloud breakdowns and communication traffic. To handle the reconstruction of resource clusters due to vehicle mobility, RCSA implements mechanisms for replacing Resource Cluster Heads (RCHs) and managing Resource Cluster Members (RCMs). Simulation results validate the effectiveness of RCSA, demonstrating its superiority over existing schemes in terms of resource utilization, allocation efficiency, and overall performance.

Intensive Microalgal Cultivation and Tertiary Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewaters via the EcoRecover Process.

Mixed community microalgal wastewater treatment technologies have the potential to advance the limits of technology for biological nutrient recovery while producing a renewable carbon feedstock, but a deeper understanding of their performance is required for system optimization and control. In this study, we characterized the performance of a 568 m3·day-1 Clearas EcoRecover system for tertiary phosphorus removal (and recovery as biomass) at an operating water resource recovery facility (WRRF). The process consists of a (dark) mix tank, photobioreactors (PBRs), and a membrane tank with ultrafiltration membranes for the separation of hydraulic and solids residence times. Through continuous online monitoring, long-term on-site monitoring, and on-site batch experiments, we demonstrate (i) the importance of carbohydrate storage in PBRs to support phosphorus uptake under dark conditions in the mix tank and (ii) the potential for polyphosphate accumulation in the mixed algal communities. Over a 3-month winter period with limited outside influences (e.g., no major upstream process changes), the effluent total phosphorus (TP) concentration was 0.03 ± 0.03 mg-P·L-1 (0.01 ± 0.02 mg-P·L-1 orthophosphate). Core microbial community taxa included Chlorella spp., Scenedesmus spp., and Monoraphidium spp., and key indicators of stable performance included near-neutral pH, sufficient alkalinity, and a diel rhythm in dissolved oxygen.

Evaluation of immunogenicity-induced DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. As of September 2023, the number of confirmed coronavirus cases has reached over 770 million and caused nearly 7 million deaths. The World Health Organization assigned and informed the characterization of variants of concern (VOCs) to help control the COVID-19 pandemic through global monitoring of circulating viruses. Although many vaccines have been proposed, developing an effective vaccine against variants is still essential to reach the endemic stage of COVID-19. We designed five DNA vaccine candidates composed of the first isolated genotype and major SARS-CoV-2 strains from isolated Korean patients classified as VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. To evaluate the immunogenicity of each genotype via homologous and heterologous vaccination, mice were immunized twice within a 3-week interval, and the blood and spleen were collected 1 week after the final vaccination to analyze the immune responses. The group vaccinated with DNA vaccine candidates based on the S genotype and the Alpha and Beta variants elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses, with higher total IgG levels and neutralizing antibody responses than the other groups. In particular, the vaccine candidate based on the Alpha variant induced a highly diverse cytokine response. Additionally, we found that the group subjected to homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha induced high total IgG levels and a neutralization antibody response. Homologous vaccination with the S genotype and heterologous vaccination with S/Alpha and S/Beta significantly induced IFN-γ immune responses. The immunogenicity after homologous vaccination with S and Alpha and heterologous vaccination with the S/Alpha candidate was better than that of the other groups, indicating the potential for developing novel DNA vaccines against different SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Enhancing Efficiency and Stability of Tin Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Engineered Alkali/Multivalent Metal Salts.

Sn-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have emerged as promising alternatives to Pb-based PeLEDs with their rapid increase in performance owing to the various research studies on inhibiting Sn oxidation. However, the absence of defect passivation strategies for Sn-based perovskite LEDs necessitates further research in this field. We performed systematic studies to investigate the design rules for defect passivation agents for Sn-based perovskites by incorporating alkali/multivalent metal salts with various cations and anions. From the computational and experimental analyses, sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaTFMS) was found to be the most effective passivation agent for PEA2SnI4 films among the explored candidate agents owing to favorable reaction energetics to passivate iodide Frenkel defects. Consequently, the incorporation of NaTFMS facilitates the formation of uniform films with relatively large crystals and reduced Sn4+. The NaTFMS-containing PEA2SnI4 PeLEDs demonstrate an improved luminance of 138.9 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.39% with an improved half-lifetime of more than threefold. This work provides important insight into the design of defect passivation agents for Sn-based perovskites.

Cluster Analysis on Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Menopausal Transition.

The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the clusters of midlife women by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and to explore differences in the clusters by race/ethnicity. This analysis used the data from two internet-based studies among 1,054 midlife women. The analysis was conducted with the data on background characteristics, health and menopausal status, and GI symptoms (collected using the GI Symptom Index for Midlife Women). The data were analyzed using factor analyses, hierarchical cluster analyses, chi-square tests, multinomial logistic regression analyses, and analyses of covariance. Three clusters were adopted: Cluster 1 (with low total numbers and severity scores of symptoms; 46.0%), Cluster 2 (with moderate total numbers and severity scores of symptoms; 44.0%), and Cluster 3 (with high total numbers and severity scores of symptoms; 10.0%). Only in Cluster 2, there were significant racial/ethnic differences in individual GI symptoms. These results provide directions for future GI symptom management among midlife women.

Genomic diversity and comprehensive taxonomical classification of 61 Bacillus subtilis group member infecting bacteriophages, and the identification of ortholog taxonomic signature genes.

BACKGROUND: Despite the applications of Bacillus subtilis group species in various sectors, limited information is available regarding their phages. Here, 61 B. subtilis group species-infecting phages (BSPs) were studied for their taxonomic classification considering the genome-size, genomic diversity, and the host, followed by the identification of orthologs taxonomic signature genes. RESULTS: BSPs have widely ranging genome sizes that can be bunched into groups to demonstrate correlations to family and subfamily classifications. Comparative analysis re-confirmed the existing, BSPs-containing 14 genera and 21 species and displayed inter-genera similarities within existing subfamilies. Importantly, it also revealed the need for the creation of new taxonomic classifications, including 28 species, nine genera, and two subfamilies (New subfamily1 and New subfamily2) to accommodate inter-genera relatedness. Following pangenome analysis, no ortholog shared by all BSPs was identified, while orthologs, namely, the tail fibers/spike proteins and poly-gamma-glutamate hydrolase, that are shared by more than two-thirds of the BSPs were identified. More importantly, major capsid protein (MCP) type I, MCP type II, MCP type III and peptidoglycan binding proteins that are distinctive orthologs for Herelleviridae, Salasmaviridae, New subfamily1, and New subfamily2, respectively, were identified and analyzed which could serve as signatures to distinguish BSP members of the respective taxon. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we show the genomic diversity and propose a comprehensive classification of 61 BSPs, including the proposition for the creation of two new subfamilies, followed by the identification of orthologs taxonomic signature genes, potentially contributing to phage taxonomy.

Vulnerabilities of the Open Platform Communication Unified Architecture Protocol in Industrial Internet of Things Operation.

Recently, as new threats from attackers are discovered, the damage and scale of these threats are increasing. Vulnerabilities should be identified early, and countermeasures should be implemented to solve this problem. However, there are limitations to applying the vulnerability discovery framework used in practice. Existing frameworks have limitations in terms of the analysis target. If the analysis target is abstract, it cannot be easily applied to the framework. Therefore, this study proposes a framework for vulnerability discovery and countermeasures that can be applied to any analysis target. The proposed framework includes a structural analysis to discover vulnerabilities from a scenario composition, including analysis targets. In addition, a proof of concept is conducted to derive and verify threats that can actually occur through threat modeling. In this study, the open platform communication integrated architecture used in the industrial control system and industrial Internet of Things environment was selected as an analysis target. We find 30 major threats and four vulnerabilities based on the proposed framework. As a result, the validity of malicious client attacks using certificates and DoS attack scenarios using flooding were validated, and we create countermeasures for these vulnerabilities.

Immigration transition and gastrointestinal symptoms during menopausal transition: midlife women in the US.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the associations of immigration transition to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition among 974 midlife women in the US. METHODS: The data from 974 midlife women from 2 national Internet survey studies were used for this secondary analysis. Only the data related to background characteristics and, health/menopausal status, immigration transition, and the Gastrointestinal Symptom Index for Midlife Women were included. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including analyses of covariance, logistic regression analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: There were statistical differences in total numbers and total severity scores of total GI symptoms between immigrants and nonimmigrants (F = 7.08 and 6.20, respectively; both P < 0.05); Immigrants had fewer total numbers and lower total severity scores of GI symptoms than nonimmigrants. All immigration transition variables including immigration status, the length of stay in the US, and the acculturation level accounted for 11.8% of the total numbers (F = 32.79, P < 0.001) and 12.5% of the total severity scores of GI symptoms (F = 35.10, P < 0.001). However, only immigration status (being nonimmigrant) was a significant factor that was associated with greater total numbers and higher total severity scores of GI symptoms (ß = 0.62, P < 0.001 and ß = 0.65, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports that immigration status is a significant factor that influences GI symptoms during the menopausal transition.

Design and Methods of a Prospective Smartphone App-Based Study for Digital Phenotyping of Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Mixed With Centralized and Decentralized Research Form: The Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., ) Project.

In this study, the Search Your Mind (S.Y.M., ) project aimed to collect prospective digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms across psychiatric disorders through a smartphone application (app) platform while using both centralized and decentralized research designs: the centralized research design is a hybrid of a general prospective observational study and a digital platform-based study, and it includes face-to-face research such as informed written consent, clinical evaluation, and blood sampling. It also includes digital phenotypic assessment through an application-based platform using wearable devices. Meanwhile, the decentralized research design is a non-face-to-face study in which anonymous participants agree to electronic informed consent forms on the app. It also exclusively uses an application-based platform to acquire individualized digital phenotypic data. We expect to collect clinical, biological, and digital phenotypic data centered on mood and anxiety symptoms, and we propose a possible model of centralized and decentralized research design.

Catalytic ozonation with vanadium oxide-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for the removal of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.

Among various plastic additives, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) has been a great concern due to its high leaching potential and harmful effects on both human and the ecosystem. For the effective oxidation and mineralization of DEHP by ozone in the existing TiO2 catalytic processes, the heterogeneous catalyst, vanadium oxide (V2O5)-incorporated TiO2 (V2O5/TiO2), was synthesized. The generation of hydroxyl radicals was promoted by cyclic redox reactions of vanadium atoms in V2O5/TiO2 via the increase of surface oxygen vacancies by the replacement of V5+ species in the lattice of TiO2. The catalytic ozonation in the presence of V2O5/TiO2 exhibited the significantly higher degradation of DEHP with the pseudo-second-order kinetic constant of 1.7 × 105 mM-1min-1 and the removal efficiency of 58.7% after 60 s in 2 mg/L of ozone. The degradation of DEHP was initiated by the shortening of the alkyl-side chain followed by the opening of esterified benzene moieties.

Vulnerabilities of Live-Streaming Services in Korea.

Recently, the number of users and the demand for live-streaming services have increased. This has exponentially increased the traffic to such services, and live-streaming service platforms in Korea use a grid computing system that distributes traffic to users and reduces traffic loads. However, ensuring security with a grid computing system is difficult because the system exchanges general user traffic in a peer-to-peer (P2P) manner instead of receiving data from an authenticated server. Therefore, in this study, to explore the vulnerabilities of a grid computing system, we investigated a vulnerability discovery framework that involves a three-step analysis process and eight detailed activities. Four types of zero-day vulnerabilities, namely video stealing, information disclosure, denial of service, and remote code execution, were derived by analyzing a live-streaming platform in Korea, as a representative service, using grid computing.

Isolation of a Melanoblast Stimulator from Dimocarpus longan, Its Structural Modification, and Structure-Activity Relationships for Vitiligo.

A novel melanoblast stimulator (1) was isolated from Dimocarpus longan. Its analogs were also synthesized to support a new furan-based melanoblast stimulator scaffold for treating vitiligo. Isolated 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF, 1) is a well-known compound in the food industry. Surprisingly, the melanogenic activity of HMF (1) was discovered here for the first time. Both HMF and its synthetic analog (16) promote the differentiation and migration of melanoblasts in vitro. Typically, stimulator (1) upregulated MMP2 expression, which promoted the migration of melanoblasts in vitro.

Gastrointestinal symptoms in four major racial/ethnic groups of midlife women: race/ethnicity and menopausal status.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of race/ethnicity and menopausal status to gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition while considering multiple factors that could influence the symptoms. METHODS: This secondary analysis was conducted with the data from 1,051 women from 2 Internet-based studies on midlife women's health issues. In the original studies, the data were collected using a dozen questions on sociodemographic and health/menopausal factors and the GI Index for Midlife Women. The data were analyzed utilizing ANOVA, multiple logistic regression, and hierarchical linear regression analyses. RESULTS: When covariates were controlled, being Non-Hispanic (N-H) Asian was a significant factor that influenced the total numbers of GI symptoms (ß = -0.26) and total severity scores of GI symptoms (ß = -0.26). When covariates were controlled, premenopausal status was the strongest factor that influenced the total numbers of GI symptoms in all participants, Hispanics, N-H Whites, N-H African Americans, and N-H Asians (ß = 53, -0.40, -0.77, -0.76, -0.26, respectively) and the total severity scores of GI symptoms in all participants, Hispanics, N-H Whites, N-H African Americans, and N-H Asians (ß = -0.50, -0.38, -0.72, -0.75, -0.25, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the association of race/ethnicity and menopausal status to GI symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition.

Video Summary : http://links.lww.com/MENO/A854 .

Chemical Degradation of Androgen Receptor (AR) Using Bicalutamide Analog-Thalidomide PROTACs.

A series of PROTACs (PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras) consisting of bicalutamide analogs and thalidomides were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated as novel androgen receptor (AR) degraders. In particular, we found that PROTAC compound 13b could successfully demonstrate a targeted degradation of AR in AR-positive cancer cells and might be a useful chemical probe for the investigation of AR-dependent cancer cells, as well as a potential therapeutic candidate for prostate cancers.

Inertial Microfluidics-Based Separation of Microalgae Using a Contraction-Expansion Array Microchannel.

Microalgae separation technology is essential for both executing laboratory-based fundamental studies and ensuring the quality of the final algal products. However, the conventional microalgae separation technology of micropipetting requires highly skilled operators and several months of repeated separation to obtain a microalgal single strain. This study therefore aimed at utilizing microfluidic cell sorting technology for the simple and effective separation of microalgae. Microalgae are characterized by their various morphologies with a wide range of sizes. In this study, a contraction-expansion array microchannel, which utilizes these unique properties of microalgae, was specifically employed for the size-based separation of microalgae. At Reynolds number of 9, two model algal cells, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) and Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis), were successfully separated without showing any sign of cell damage, yielding a purity of 97.9% for C. vulgaris and 94.9% for H. pluvialis. The result supported that the inertia-based separation technology could be a powerful alternative to the labor-intensive and time-consuming conventional microalgae separation technologies.

Enhanced biodegradation of hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas aeruginosa-encapsulated alginate/gellan gum microbeads.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa-encapsulated alginate/gellan gum microbeads (PAGMs) were prepared at the condition of 10 g/L alginate, 1 g/L gellan gum, and 2.57 mM calcium ions, and investigated for the biodegradation of a diesel-contaminated groundwater. The degradation of diesel with PAGMs reached 71.2% after 10days in the aerobic condition, while that of suspended bacteria was only 32.0% even after 30days. The kinetic analysis showed that PAGMs had more than two-order higher second-order kinetic constant than that of the suspended bacteria. Interestingly, the degradation of diesel was ceased due to the depletion of the dissolved oxygen after 10 day in the PAGM reactor, but the microbial degradation activity was immediately restored after the addition of oxygen to 10.5 mg/L. The change in ATP concentration and the viability of bacteria showed that the microbial activity in PAGMs were maintained (66.4%, and 84.3%, respectively) even after 30days of experiment with PAGMs due to the protective barrier of the microbeads, whereas those of suspended bacteria showed significant decrease to 6.2% and 14.4% of initial value, respectively, due to the direct contact to toxic hydrocarbons. The results suggested that encapsulation of bacterial cells could be used for the enhanced biodegradation of diesel hydrocarbons in aqueous systems.

Glycosylation generates an efficacious and immunogenic vaccine against H7N9 influenza virus.

Zoonotic avian influenza viruses pose severe health threats to humans. Of several viral subtypes reported, the low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus has since February 2013 caused more than 1,500 cases of human infection with an almost 40% case-fatality rate. Vaccination of poultry appears to reduce human infections. However, the emergence of highly pathogenic strains has increased concerns about H7N9 pandemics. To develop an efficacious H7N9 human vaccine, we designed vaccine viruses by changing the patterns of N-linked glycosylation (NLG) on the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein based on evolutionary patterns of H7 HA NLG changes. Notably, a virus in which 2 NLG modifications were added to HA showed higher growth rates in cell culture and elicited more cross-reactive antibodies than did other vaccine viruses with no change in the viral antigenicity. Developed into an inactivated vaccine formulation, the vaccine virus with 2 HA NLG additions exhibited much better protective efficacy against lethal viral challenge in mice than did a vaccine candidate with wild-type (WT) HA by reducing viral replication in the lungs. In a ferret model, the 2 NLG-added vaccine viruses also induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies and significantly suppressed viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts compared with the WT HA vaccines. In a mode of action study, the HA NLG modification appeared to increase HA protein contents incorporated into viral particles, which would be successfully translated to improve vaccine efficacy. These results suggest the strong potential of HA NLG modifications in designing avian influenza vaccines.

Preclinical study of influenza bivalent vaccine delivered with a two compartmental microneedle array.

Multiple vaccines can be mixed into a single combination to be a single product. However, combination vaccines have problems of complexity. In this study, microneedles were utilized in a compartmental microneedle array (CMA) to deliver two influenza vaccine strains without mixing. In this study, the CMA had two compartments, and two rectangular structures were attached to each end of the array to enable integration of the compartments with the coating equipment. The coating solution, which contained influenza vaccines for B/Yamagata (B-Y) and B/Victoria (B-V), was filled into the two reservoirs of the container. The CMA was aligned with the container for dipping the first compartment of the array into the first reservoir and the second compartment into the second reservoir. The CMA containing B-Y and B-V separately was administered to mice, and weight change and survival were compared with other groups of mice administered (a) combination vaccines with microneedles, (b) two monovalent vaccines with microneedles, (c) intramuscularly with a combination vaccine, and (d) intramuscularly with two monovalent vaccines. Plaque reduction neutralization tests were also performed to compare the CMA group with the other groups. The CMA showed a relative standard error of less than 7% between samples in dose uniformity. It also showed comparable antibody-forming efficacy compared to other groups, especially by B/Yamagata virus challenge. The CMA mice group showed better survival and weight change than mice that received intramuscular (IM) injection of the combination vaccine. In the neutralizing antibody experiment, all microneedle groups showed a higher neutralizing antibody than the IM groups. Vaccines were administered without mixing by a single administration using a CMA, and the CMA showed comparable efficacy with IM administration of the combination vaccine. Multivalent vaccines can be delivered without mixing as a single product by using a CMA.

Multi-bandgap Solar Energy Conversion via Combination of Microalgal Photosynthesis and Spectrally Selective Photovoltaic Cell.

Microalgal photosynthesis is a promising solar energy conversion process to produce high concentration biomass, which can be utilized in the various fields including bioenergy, food resources, and medicine. In this research, we study the optical design rule for microalgal cultivation systems, to efficiently utilize the solar energy and improve the photosynthesis efficiency. First, an organic luminescent dye of 3,6-Bis(4'-(diphenylamino)-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo3,4-c pyrrole -1,4-dione (D1) was coated on a photobioreactor (PBR) for microalgal cultivation. Unlike previous reports, there was no enhancement in the biomass productivities under artificial solar illuminations of 0.2 and 0.6 sun. We analyze the limitations and future design principles of the PBRs using photoluminescence under strong illumination. Second, as a multiple-bandgaps-scheme to maximize the conversion efficiency of solar energy, we propose a dual-energy generator that combines microalgal cultivation with spectrally selective photovoltaic cells (PVs). In the proposed system, the blue and green photons, of which high energy is not efficiently utilized in photosynthesis, are absorbed by a large-bandgap PV, generating electricity with a high open-circuit voltage (Voc) in reward for narrowing the absorption spectrum. Then, the unabsorbed red photons are guided into PBR and utilized for photosynthesis with high efficiency. Under an illumination of 7.2 kWh m-2 d-1, we experimentally verified that our dual-energy generator with C60-based PV can simultaneously produce 20.3 g m-2 d-1 of biomass and 220 Wh m-2 d-1 of electricity by utilizing multiple bandgaps in a single system.