Revealing the Substrate Constraint Effect on the Thermodynamic Behaviour of the Pd-H through Capacitive-Based Hydrogen-Sorption Measurement.

Mechanical constraints imposed on the Pd-H system can induce significant strain upon hydrogenation-induced expansion, potentially leading to changes in the thermodynamic behavior, such as the phase-transition pressure. However, the investigation of the constraint effect is often tricky due to the lack of simple experimental techniques for measuring hydrogenation-induced expansion. In this study, a capacitive-based measurement system is developed to monitor hydrogenation-induced areal expansion, which allows us to control and evaluate the magnitude of the substrate constraint. By using the measurement technique, the influence of substrate constraint intensity on the thermodynamic behavior of the Pd-H system is investigated. Through experiments with different constraint intensities, it is found that the diffefrence in the constraint intensity minimally affects the phase-transition pressure when the Pd-H system allows the release of constraint stress through plastic deformation. These experiments can improve the understanding of the substrate constraint behaviours of Pd-H systems allowing plastic deformation while demonstrating the potential of capacitive-based measurement systems to study the mechanical-thermodynamic coupling of M-H systems.

3D-printed epifluidic electronic skin for machine learning-powered multimodal health surveillance.

The amalgamation of wearable technologies with physiochemical sensing capabilities promises to create powerful interpretive and predictive platforms for real-time health surveillance. However, the construction of such multimodal devices is difficult to be implemented wholly by traditional manufacturing techniques for at-home personalized applications. Here, we present a universal semisolid extrusion-based three-dimensional printing technology to fabricate an epifluidic elastic electronic skin (e3-skin) with high-performance multimodal physiochemical sensing capabilities. We demonstrate that the e3-skin can serve as a sustainable surveillance platform to capture the real-time physiological state of individuals during regular daily activities. We also show that by coupling the information collected from the e3-skin with machine learning, we were able to predict an individual's degree of behavior impairments (i.e., reaction time and inhibitory control) after alcohol consumption. The e3-skin paves the path for future autonomous manufacturing of customizable wearable systems that will enable widespread utility for regular health monitoring and clinical applications.

Three-Dimensional Touch Device with Two Terminals.

A crossbar array is an essential element that determines the operating position and simplifies the structure of devices. However, in the crossbar array, wiring numerous electrodes to address many positions poses significant challenges. In this study, a method is proposed that utilizes only two electrodes to determine multiple positions. The method significantly simplifies the wiring and device fabrication process. Instead of defining the node location of the crossbar, it is experimentally demonstrated that the x-y-z coordinates can be determined from i) the resistance change as a function of distance, ii) the resistance variation influenced by the electrode composition, and iii) capacitance fluctuation resulting from changes in the dielectric thickness. By employing two-terminal transparent electrodes, a fully functional 3D touch device is successfully fabricated, introducing a groundbreaking approach to simplify input device architectures.

Transparent and Flexible Graphene Pressure Sensor with Self-Assembled Topological Crystalline Ionic Gel.

This study demonstrates transparent and flexible capacitive pressure sensors using a high-k ionic gel composed of an insulating polymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene-co-chlorofluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) blended with an ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide, [EMI][TFSA]). The thermal melt recrystallization of the P(VDF-TrFE-CFE):[EMI][TFSA] blend films develops the characteristic topological semicrystalline surface of the films, making them highly sensitive to pressure. Using optically transparent and mechanically flexible graphene electrodes, a novel pressure sensor is realized with the topological ionic gel. The sensor exhibits a sufficiently large air dielectric gap between graphene and the topological ionic gel, resulting in a large variation in capacitance before and after the application of various pressures owing to the pressure-sensitive reduction of the air gap. The developed graphene pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 10.14 kPa-1 at 20 kPa, rapid response times of <30 ms, and durable device operation with 4000 repeated ON/OFF cycles. Furthermore, broad-range detections from lightweight objects to human motion are successfully achieved, demonstrating that the developed pressure sensor with a self-assembled crystalline topology is potentially suitable for a variety of cost-effective wearable applications.

Binary-state scanning probe microscopy for parallel imaging.

Scanning probe microscopy techniques, such as atomic force microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy, are harnessed to image nanoscale structures with an exquisite resolution, which has been of significant value in a variety of areas of nanotechnology. These scanning probe techniques, however, are not generally suitable for high-throughput imaging, which has, from the outset, been a primary challenge. Traditional approaches to increasing the scalability have involved developing multiple probes for imaging, but complex probe design and electronics are required to carry out the detection method. Here, we report a probe-based imaging method that utilizes scalable cantilever-free elastomeric probe design and hierarchical measurement architecture, which readily reconstructs high-resolution and high-throughput topography images. In a single scan, we demonstrate imaging with a 100-tip array to obtain 100 images over a 1-mm2 area with 106 pixels in less than 10 min. The potential for large-scale tip integration and the advantage of a simple probe array suggest substantial promise for our approach to high-throughput imaging far beyond what is currently possible.

Enhancing Li Ion Battery Performance by Mechanical Resonance.

The quest for safe and high-performance Li ion batteries (LIBs) motivates intense efforts seeking a high-energy but reliable anode, cathode, and nonflammable electrolyte. For any of these, exploring new electrochemistry methods that enhance safety and performance by employing well-designed electrodes and electrolytes are required. Electrolyte wetting, governed by thermodynamics, is another critical issue in increasing Li ion transport through the separator. Herein, we report an approach to enhancing LIB performance by applying mechanical resonant vibration to increase electrolyte wettability on the separator. Wetting is activated at a resonant frequency with a capillary wave along the surface of the electrolyte, allowing the electrolyte to infiltrate into the porous separator by inertia force. This mechanical resonance, rather than electrochemistry, leads to the high specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of LIBs. The concept of the mechanical approach is a promising yet simple strategy for the development of safer LIBs using liquid electrolytes.

Neuromorphic van der Waals crystals for substantial energy generation.

Controlling ion transport in nanofluidics is fundamental to water purification, bio-sensing, energy storage, energy conversion, and numerous other applications. For any of these, it is essential to design nanofluidic channels that are stable in the liquid phase and enable specific ions to pass. A human neuron is one such system, where electrical signals are transmitted by cation transport for high-speed communication related to neuromorphic computing. Here, we present a concept of neuro-inspired energy harvesting that uses confined van der Waals crystal and demonstrate a method to maximise the ion diffusion flux to generate an electromotive force. The confined nanochannel is robust in liquids as in neuron cells, enabling steady-state ion diffusion for hundred of hours and exhibiting ion selectivity of 95.8%, energy conversion efficiency of 41.4%, and power density of 5.26 W/m2. This fundamental understanding and rational design strategy can enable previously unrealisable applications of passive-type large-scale power generation.

3D motion tracking display enabled by magneto-interactive electroluminescence.

Development of a human-interactive display enabling the simultaneous sensing, visualisation, and memorisation of a magnetic field remains a challenge. Here we report a skin-patchable magneto-interactive electroluminescent display, which is capable of sensing, visualising, and storing magnetic field information, thereby enabling 3D motion tracking. A magnetic field-dependent conductive gate is employed in an alternating current electroluminescent display, which is used to produce non-volatile and rewritable magnetic field-dependent display. By constructing mechanically flexible arrays of magneto-interactive displays, a spin-patchable and pixelated platform is realised. The magnetic field varying along the z-axis enables the 3D motion tracking (monitoring and memorisation) on 2D pixelated display. This 3D motion tracking display is successfully used as a non-destructive surgery-path guiding, wherein a pathway for a surgical robotic arm with a magnetic probe is visualised and recorded on a display patched on the abdominal skin of a rat, thereby helping the robotic arm to find an optimal pathway.

Near-field sub-diffraction photolithography with an elastomeric photomask.

Photolithography is the prevalent microfabrication technology. It needs to meet resolution and yield demands at a cost that makes it economically viable. However, conventional far-field photolithography has reached the diffraction limit, which imposes complex optics and short-wavelength beam source to achieve high resolution at the expense of cost efficiency. Here, we present a cost-effective near-field optical printing approach that uses metal patterns embedded in a flexible elastomer photomask with mechanical robustness. This technique generates sub-diffraction patterns that are smaller than 1/10th of the wavelength of the incoming light. It can be integrated into existing hardware and standard mercury lamp, and used for a variety of surfaces, such as curved, rough and defect surfaces. This method offers a higher resolution than common light-based printing systems, while enabling parallel-writing. We anticipate that it will be widely used in academic and industrial productions.

Sensing and memorising liquids with polarity-interactive ferroelectric sound.

The direct sensing and storing of the information of liquids with different polarities are of significant interest, in particular, through means related to human senses for emerging biomedical applications. Here, we present an interactive platform capable of sensing and storing the information of liquids. Our platform utilises sound arising from liquid-interactive ferroelectric actuation, which is dependent upon the polarity of the liquid. Liquid-interactive sound is developed when a liquid is placed on a ferroelectric polymer layer across two in-plane electrodes under an alternating current field. As the sound is correlated with non-volatile remnant polarisation of the ferroelectric layer, the information is stored and retrieved after the liquid is removed, resulting in a sensing memory of the liquid. Our pad-type allows for identifying the position of a liquid. Flexible tube-type devices offer a route for in situ analysis of flowing liquids including a human serum liquid in terms of sound.

Interactive Skin Display with Epidermal Stimuli Electrode.

In addition to the demand for stimuli-responsive sensors that can detect various vital signals in epidermal skin, the development of electronic skin displays that quantitatively detect and visualize various epidermal stimuli such as the temperature, sweat gland activity, and conductance simultaneously are of significant interest for emerging human-interactive electronics used in health monitoring. Herein, a novel interactive skin display with epidermal stimuli electrode (ISDEE) allowing for the simultaneous sensing and display of multiple epidermal stimuli on a single device is presented. It is based on a simple two-layer architecture on a topographically patterned elastomeric polymer composite with light-emitting inorganic phosphors, upon which two electrodes are placed with a certain parallel gap. The ISDEE is directly mounted on human skin, which by itself serves as a field-responsive floating electrode of the display operating under an alternating current (AC). The AC field exerted on the epidermal skin layer depends on the conductance of the skin, which can be modulated based on a variety of physiological skin factors, such as the temperature, sweat gland activity, and pressure. Conductance-dependent field-induced electroluminescence is achieved, giving rise to an on-hand sensing display platform where a variety of human information can be directly sensed and visualized.

Megahertz-wave-transmitting conducting polymer electrode for device-to-device integration.

The ideal combination of high optical transparency and high electrical conductivity, especially at very low frequencies of less than the gigahertz (GHz) order, such as the radiofrequencies at which electronic devices operate (tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz), is fundamental incompatibility, which creates a barrier to the realization of enhanced user interfaces and 'device-to-device integration.' Herein, we present a design strategy for preparing a megahertz (MHz)-transparent conductor, based on a plasma frequency controlled by the electrical conductivity, with the ultimate goal of device-to-device integration through electromagnetic wave transmittance. This approach is verified experimentally using a conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the microstructure of which is manipulated by employing a solution process. The use of a transparent conducting polymer as an electrode enables the fabrication of a fully functional touch-controlled display device and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible biomedical monitoring device, which would open up a new paradigm for transparent conductors.

Electroluminescent Pressure-Sensing Displays.

Simultaneous sensing and visualization of pressure provides a useful platform to obtain information about a pressurizing object, but the fabrication of such interactive displays at the single-device level remains challenging. Here, we present a pressure responsive electroluminescent (EL) display that allows for both sensing and visualization of pressure. Our device is based on a two-terminal capacitor with six constituent layers: top electrode/insulator/hole injection layer/emissive layer/electron transport layer/bottom electrode. Light emission upon exposure to an alternating current field between two electrodes is controlled by the capacitance change of the insulator arising from the pressure applied on top. Besides capacitive pressure sensing, our EL display allows for direct visualization of the static and dynamic information of position, shape, and size of a pressurizing object on a single-device platform. Monitoring the pressurized area of an elastomeric hemisphere on a device by EL enables quantitative estimation of the Young's modulus of the elastomer, offering a new and facile characterization method for the mechanical properties of soft materials.

Transparent, Flexible, Conformal Capacitive Pressure Sensors with Nanoparticles.

The fundamental challenge in designing transparent pressure sensors is the ideal combination of high optical transparency and high pressure sensitivity. Satisfying these competing demands is commonly achieved by a compromise between the transparency and usage of a patterned dielectric surface, which increases pressure sensitivity, but decreases transparency. Herein, a design strategy for fabricating high-transparency and high-sensitivity capacitive pressure sensors is proposed, which relies on the multiple states of nanoparticle dispersity resulting in enhanced surface roughness and light transmittance. We utilize two nanoparticle dispersion states on a surface: (i) homogeneous dispersion, where each nanoparticle (≈500 nm) with a size comparable to the visible light wavelength has low light scattering; and (ii) heterogeneous dispersion, where aggregated nanoparticles form a micrometer-sized feature, increasing pressure sensitivity. This approach is experimentally verified using a nanoparticle-dispersed polymer composite, which has high pressure sensitivity (1.0 kPa-1 ), and demonstrates excellent transparency (>95%). We demonstrate that the integration of nanoparticle-dispersed capacitor elements into an array readily yields a real-time pressure monitoring application and a fully functional touch device capable of acting as a pressure sensor-based input device, thereby opening up new avenues to establish processing techniques that are effective on the nanoscale yet applicable to macroscopic processing.

Rough-Surface-Enabled Capacitive Pressure Sensors with 3D Touch Capability.

Fabrication strategies that pursue "simplicity" for the production process and "functionality" for a device, in general, are mutually exclusive. Therefore, strategies that are less expensive, less equipment-intensive, and consequently, more accessible to researchers for the realization of omnipresent electronics are required. Here, this study presents a conceptually different approach that utilizes the inartificial design of the surface roughness of paper to realize a capacitive pressure sensor with high performance compared with sensors produced using costly microfabrication processes. This study utilizes a writing activity with a pencil and paper, which enables the construction of a fundamental capacitor that can be used as a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with high pressure sensitivity and short response time and that it can be inexpensively fabricated over large areas. Furthermore, the paper-based pressure sensors are integrated into a fully functional 3D touch-pad device, which is a step toward the realization of omnipresent electronics.

Spatially Pressure-Mapped Thermochromic Interactive Sensor.

A thermochromic-based interactive sensor that can generate local color switching and pressure mapping is developed using a 2D array of resistive pressure sensor switch. This thermochromic-based interactive sensor will enable the visualization of localized information in arbitrary shapes with dynamic responses in the context of serial/parallel pressure mapping and quantifying capability without optoelectronic arrays.