ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity that occurs frequently in older children with pollen sensitization. This study focused on the clinical characteristics of OAS in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) and birch sensitization. METHOD: s: A total of 186 patients aged 2-18 years with AD and birch sensitization were enrolled in this study between January 2016 and March 2017. Their levels of serum total IgE and birch- and ragweed-specific IgE (sIgE) were measured using ImmunoCAP (Thermo Fisher Scientiï¬c, Uppsala, Sweden). Information regarding causative foods and symptoms were obtained via interviews. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their ages (group 1, 2-6 years; group 2, 7-12 years; and group 3, 13-18 years). RESULTS: Eighty-one of the 186 (43.5%) children with AD who were sensitized to birch pollen were diagnosed as having OAS. The prevalence of OAS in group 1 (the children who had AD and birch sensitization aged 2-6 years) was 36.6%. A greater predominance of men was noted in the non-OAS group (77.1%) compared to the OAS group (60.5%). Apples were the most common causative food in group 2 and 3 while kiwis were the most common cause of OAS in group 1. There was a statistically significant correlation between birch-sIgE levels and the prevalence of OAS (P = 0.000). The cut-off value was 6.77 kUA/L with 55.6% sensitivity and 79.0% specificity (area under the curve 0.653). CONCLUSION: In our study, the prevalence of OAS in children with AD and birch sensitization was 43.5%. Even in the preschool age group, the prevalence of OAS was considerable. Patients with high levels of birch-sIgE were more likely to have OAS. Clinicians should therefore be vigilant about OAS in patients with a high degree of sensitization to birch pollen and even young children if they have birch sensitization.
Subject(s)
Betula/immunology , Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Actinidia/immunology , Adolescent , Ambrosia/immunology , Area Under Curve , Child , Child, Preschool , Dermatitis, Atopic/complications , Female , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Immunoglobulin E/metabolism , Male , Malus/immunology , Pollen/immunology , Prevalence , ROC Curve , Republic of Korea/epidemiologyABSTRACT
In spite of the fact that the fabrication process of three-dimensional nano-structures is complicated and expensive, it can be applied to a range of devices to increase their efficiency and sensitivity. Simple and inexpensive fabrication of three-dimensional nano-structures is necessary. In this study, reverse imprint lithography (RIL) with UV-curable benzylmethacrylate, methacryloxypropyl terminated poly-dimethylsiloxane (M-PDMS) resin and ZnO-nano-particle-dispersed resin was used to fabricate three-dimensional nano-structures.UV-curable resins were placed between a silicon stamp and a PVA transfer template, followed by a UV curing process. Then, the silicon stamp was detached and a 2D pattern layer was transferred to the substrate using diluted UV-curable glue. Consequently, three-dimensional nano-structures were formed by stacking the two-dimensional nano-patterned layers. RIL was applied to a light-emitting diode (LED) to evaluate the optical effects of a nano-patterned layer. As a result, the light extraction of the patterned LED was increased by about 12% compared to an unpatterned LED.
Subject(s)
Crystallization/methods , Lighting/instrumentation , Molecular Imprinting/methods , Nanostructures/chemistry , Nanostructures/ultrastructure , Photography/methods , Semiconductors , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure Analysis , Particle SizeABSTRACT
A high-thermal-resistance polymer-based flexible imprint mold was developed to be used in a hot embossing process. This mold was readily replicated in a UV curing imprint process and can be used as a mold for hot embossing and thermally curing imprint processes. The nano-sized pattern of this mold was not degraded by soaking at 350 degrees C for 10 min and the pattern fidelity was maintained after 10 separate cyclic heating tests between 0 degrees C and 350 degrees C. The substrate of this flexible mold was PI film, and a UV-cured polyurethane acrylate (PUA) layer was used to form the nano-scale patterns. The durability of this polymeric mold was tested by repetitive hot embossing processes. Nano-scale patterns of the mold were readily transferred to a PMMA layer coated onto a Si substrate by hot embossing lithography at 180 degrees C. After 10 cycles of hot embossing processes, no damage or degradation was observed in the flexible polymer mold. Using this polymer mold, patterns as small as 50 nm were successfully transferred to a Si substrate. Due to the flexibility of the polymer mold, nano-scale patterns were successfully transferred to a non-flat acryl substrate by hot embossing lithography.
