The Role of Sensory Impairment in Cognitive Health Appraisal: A Study of Older Korean Americans Living in Subsidized Senior Housing.

OBJECTIVES: We examined how the association between cognitive performance and cognitive health appraisal would be moderated by vision and/or hearing impairment. METHODS: Data were collected from 315 older Korean-American residents in subsidized senior housing in Los Angeles (M age = 79.4 years). Linear regression models examined the direct and interactive effects of cognitive performance, vision impairment, and hearing impairment on cognitive health appraisal. RESULTS: Negative appraisal of cognitive health was associated with lower cognitive performance and poorer ratings for vision and hearing. Moreover, we found a significant interaction between cognitive performance and hearing impairment (ß = .13, p < .05), as well as a three-way interaction among cognitive performance, vision impairment, and hearing impairment (ß = .12, p < .05). DISCUSSION: The association between objective and subjective measures of cognition was weakened when hearing was impaired. Such a pattern was further evident when both vision and hearing were impaired.

Mental Health Impact of Bullying by Ethnic Peers in Senior Housing: A Study with Older Korean American Residents in the Greater Los Angeles Area.

Using data from Korean-American residents (N = 343) in subsidized senior housing in the Los Angeles area, we examined the effect of peer bullying on mental health. About 18% of the sample had been a target of bullying, and over 31% had witnessed someone being bullied. Being a target of bullying was a significant predictor for both depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas witnessing other residents being bullied was a significant predictor for anxiety only. Findings shed light on the adverse mental health impacts of peer bullying among ethnic minority older residents in senior housing.

Intervention to promote preventive dental care for older Korean-American Medi-Cal enrollees in Los Angeles.

BACKGROUND: In California, preventive dental care is covered by Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid program). However, many beneficiaries do not use their dental benefits. Given that a lack of knowledge about oral health and insurance coverage contributes to this underutilization, promoting the use of dental benefits among eligible individuals via an educational program is imperative. Responding to the particular needs of older immigrants with limited English proficiency, we developed a digital oral health intervention for older Korean-American Medi-Cal enrollees in Los Angeles. This educational intervention is designed to be delivered via computers and the Internet. It consists of a 15-min self-running PowerPoint presentation narrated in Korean with links to additional information on the Internet. The slides contain information about the basic etiology of oral diseases, oral hygiene, common myths about oral health and dental care, Medi-Cal coverage of preventive dental care, and how to find a dental clinic. METHODS: We pilot tested the intervention with 12 participants to examine its feasibility and acceptability. We also obtained participants' qualitative feedback about the intervention. RESULTS: A post-intervention quantitative assessment yielded high participant satisfaction and improved oral health and dental care knowledge. Participant responses to the intervention yielded four themes: (1) content and structure, (2) linguistic and cultural aspects, (3) delivery mode, and (4) additional concerns and suggestions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the intervention's feasibility and acceptability and suggest further refinement.

Examining cultural adaptations of the savvy caregiver program for Korean American caregivers using the framework for reporting adaptations and modifications-enhanced (FRAME).

BACKGROUND: The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced (FRAME) is a tool that systematically guides decision-making and reporting of adaptations made to evidence-based interventions. Using FRAME, we documented the process and outcomes of adapting the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) for Korean American dementia caregivers. METHODS: Sequential adaptation was initiated with linguistic attunement, followed by pilot implementation and full adaptation. Our data-driven adaptation with multiple data sources and a feedback loop among multiple stakeholders yielded a total of 32 modifications, and each was coded according to the eight domains of FRAME: (1) what was modified, (2) who participated in recommending and deciding the modification to be made, (3) when the modification occurred, (4) whether the modification was planned, (5) whether the modification was fidelity-consistent, (6) whether the modification was temporary, (7) at what level of delivery, the modification was made, and (8) why the modification was made. RESULTS: The areas of adaptation were evenly distributed across context (37.5%), content (31.2%), and training (31.2%). The primary reasons for modification were for engagement (62.5%), followed by fit with recipients (43.8%) and outcome improvement (31.1%). About 66% of the modifications were applied to the entire target group, and all modifications were fidelity-consistent. CONCLUSIONS: The FRAME categorization provided a detailed understanding of the process and nature of adapting the SCP and served as a foundation for further implementation and scale-up. FRAME not only serves as a guide for adapting evidence-based interventions but also promotes their replicability and scalability.

A Systematic Review of the Hill-Bone Compliance to Blood Pressure Therapy Scale.

Background: Poor medication adherence hampers hypertension control and increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. Medication adherence can be measured with direct and indirect methods. The Hill-Bone Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy (HBCHBPT) Scale, one of the most popular adherence measures, indirectly assesses adherence to hypertension therapy in three behavioral domains: appointment keeping, diet and medication adherence. Aim: To synthesize evidence on the use of the HBCHBPT Scale, including psychometric properties, utility in diverse patient populations, and directions for future clinical use and research. Methods: We searched electronic databases, specifically CINAHL, PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase, and Web of Science. We included original studies that used the HBCHBPT Scale or its subscales to measure a health outcome, or methodological studies involving translations and validations of the scale. We extracted and synthesized data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Fifty studies were included in this review, 44 on hypertension, two on diabetes, and others on other chronic conditions. The scale was successfully translated into numerous languages and used in descriptive and intervention studies. The scale demonstrated sound psychometric properties (Cronbach's α coefficient 0.75) and sensitivity to capture intervention effects when used to evaluate the effectiveness of high blood pressure adherence interventions. The medication-taking subscale of HBCHBPT performs best and is widely used in diverse contexts to assess medication adherence for chronic conditions. Conclusion: The HBCHBPT Scale has high versatility globally and has been used in various settings by various healthcare worker cadres and researchers. The scale has several strengths, including high adherence phenotyping capabilities, contributing to the paradigm shift toward personalized health care.

Changes in Depressive Symptoms of Korean American Dementia Caregivers After Attending the Savvy Caregiver Program: Preliminary Findings with a Pilot Sample.

OBJECTIVES: Language accommodation is indispensable in making evidence-based interventions available and accessible to ethnic minorities with limited English proficiency. As part of the larger effort to culturally adapt the Savvy Caregiver Program for Korean American dementia caregivers, we first conducted linguistic adaptation, and the present study reports the preliminary findings on participants' changes in depressive Symptoms. METHODS: The linguistically adapted program was delivered to two small groups of Korean American dementia caregivers (total n = 13) by two Savvy-certified Korean-speaking trainers. Participants' depressive symptoms were assessed at three time points (pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up). RESULTS: Following the intervention, participants exhibited lowered depressive symptoms (t = 8.64, p < .001, Cohen's d = .89). This benefit was sustained at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the therapeutic benefit of the Savvy Caregiver Program could potentially be shared with linguistic minorities when delivered in their native language. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although limited in its scope and nature, the pilot study with linguistic adaptation sheds light on efforts to close the gap in the evidence-based intervention delivery.

COVID-19 health information sources and their associations with preventive behaviors: A typological study with older residents in Seoul, South Korea.

Considering that individuals' health information can enable their adoption of health behaviors, we examined the use of health information sources related to COVID-19 and its association with preventive behaviors in a sample of older residents in Seoul, South Korea (N = 400, M age = 76.1 years). Latent profile analysis of 12 sources of health information representing conventional media, online sources, interpersonal networks, and health professionals or authorities yielded a 4-group typology: limited, moderate/traditional, moderate/digital, and diverse. In a multivariate model with the diverse group as a reference, the limited group (B = -4.48, SE = 1.14, p < .001) and the moderate/digital group (B = -2.73, SE = 0.76, p < .001) were associated with lower adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Our findings support the heterogeneity in the use of health information sources and the hypothesis that groups with restricted sources of health information would report less desirable behaviors. The findings also underscored the importance of proper use of digital health information. Efforts should be made not only to help older adults with low education access diverse sources of health information, including digital sources, but also to empower them to build digital and health literacy.

Investigating the Health and Health-Related Quality of Life Impacts of the Criminal Legal System on Families: A Scoping Review.

A scoping review was conducted to present the state of the science regarding the health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) effects of having a family member in contact with the criminal legal system (CLS). The review examined how the following have been studied: 1) types of family relationships, 2) the point of CLS contact, 3) mental health outcomes, 4) physical health outcomes, and 5) HRQOL outcomes. The final sample of 40 studies was largely secondary analyses of datasets (93%; n=37) that investigated a parent-child relationship (78%; n=31). Incarceration was the most frequently measured point of CLS contact (85%; n=34). Mental health outcomes were measured in 68% of the studies (n=27). Physical health outcomes were measured in 28% of the studies (n=11). Health-related quality of life outcomes were included in half of the studies (50%; n=20). Study findings indicate exposure to the CLS through a family member is associated with poorer health and HRQOL outcomes.

Sensor-Controlled Digital Game for Heart Failure Self-management: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of hospitalization among older adults in the United States. There are substantial racial and geographic disparities in HF outcomes, with patients living in southern US states having a mortality rate 69% higher than the national average. Self-management behaviors, particularly daily weight monitoring and physical activity, are extremely important in improving HF outcomes; however, patients typically have particularly low adherence to these behaviors. With the rise of digital technologies to improve health outcomes and motivate health behaviors, sensor-controlled digital games (SCDGs) have become a promising approach. SCDGs, which leverage sensor-connected technologies, offer the benefits of being portable and scalable and allowing for continuous observation and motivation of health behaviors in their real-world contexts. They are also becoming increasingly popular among older adults and offer an immersive and accessible way to measure self-management behaviors and improve adherence. No SCDGs have been designed for older adults or evaluated to test their outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This randomized clinical trial aims to assess the efficacy of a SCDG in integrating the behavioral data of participants with HF from weight scale and activity tracker sensors to activate game progress, rewards, and feedback and, ultimately, to improve adherence to important self-management behaviors. METHODS: A total of 200 participants with HF, aged ≥45 years, will be recruited and randomized into 2 groups: the SCDG playing group (intervention group) and sensor-only group (control group). Both groups will receive a weight scale, physical activity tracker, and accompanying app, whereas only the intervention group will play the SCDG. This design, thereby, assesses the contributions of the game. All participants will complete a baseline survey as well as posttests at 6 and 12 weeks to assess the immediate effect of the intervention. They will also complete a third posttest at 24 weeks to assess the maintenance of behavioral changes. Efficacy and benefits will be assessed by measuring improvements in HF-related proximal outcomes (self-management behaviors of daily weight monitoring and physical activity) and distal outcomes (HF hospitalization, quality of life, and functional status) between baseline and weeks 6, 12, and 24. The primary outcome measured will be days with weight monitoring, for which this design provides at least 80% power to detect differences between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Recruitment began in the fall of 2022, and the first patient was enrolled in the study on November 7, 2022. Recruitment of the last participant is expected in quarter 1 of 2025. Publication of complete results and data from this study is expected in 2026. CONCLUSIONS: This project will generate insight and guidance for scalable and easy-to-use digital gaming solutions to motivate persistent adherence to HF self-management behaviors and improve health outcomes among individuals with HF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05056129; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05056129. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/45801.

Safety Concerns for Persons with Dementia in Senior Housing: A Qualitative Study with Korean American Caregivers in Los Angeles.

Subsidized senior housing helps many socioeconomically disadvantaged older adults pursue independent living and aging in place. However, cognitive impairment or dementia poses a critical challenge to many residents' ability to live independently and safely. Focusing on Korean American dementia caregivers, a group known to be vulnerable to caregiving burden but understudied, we explored the safety of persons with dementia in senior housing from the perspectives of caregivers. Qualitative data from nine caregivers whose care recipients were current or former residents of subsidized senior housing in Los Angeles were analyzed by the constant comparative method. Major concerns emerged were: (1) fire risks, (2) wandering, (3) physical injury (e.g., self-harm, falls), and (4) potential neglect. Caregivers also mentioned errors in the self-administration of medications, potential financial exploitation, and interpersonal conflicts. These concerns provide implications for services and programs for the safety of persons with dementia who live in senior housing.

Racial discrimination, coping, and suicidal ideation in Chinese immigrants.

OBJECTIVES: Although suicide is a major public health problem, little research has addressed factors linked to suicide risk in U.S. Asian ethnic subgroups, including the U.S. Chinese population. In this study, we investigate the relationship between racial discrimination and suicidal ideation among Chinese immigrants in the U.S., as well as the mediating and moderating role of coping. METHOD: This is a secondary analysis of online survey data from 501 Chinese immigrants in the U.S. Perceived racial discrimination and problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping were measured. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to determine whether the three types of coping served as mediators or moderators between racism and suicidal ideation. RESULTS: Chinese immigrants who perceived racial discrimination were more likely to engage in suicidal ideation (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.05, 1.81]). Greater use of problem-focused coping was associated with decreased risk of suicidal ideation (OR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.26, 0.54]). The interaction of racial discrimination and problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant coping did not significantly predict suicidal ideation (p > .05), but the mediating effects of emotion-focused and avoidant coping were significant. CONCLUSIONS: Greater attention should be paid to the detrimental effects of racial discrimination on suicidal ideation among Chinese immigrants. A focus on strengthening problem-focused coping and reducing emotion-focused and avoidant coping among Chinese immigrants should lead to effective suicide prevention strategies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A Text-Mining Analysis to Examine Dominant Sources of Online Information and Content on Continuous Glucose Monitors.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to use text-mining methods to examine the dominant sources of online information and content about continuous glucose monitors (CGMs). Because the internet is the most popular source for health information, it is important to understand what is being said about CGMs in online sources of information. METHODS: A text miner, algorithmic-driven statistical program was used to identify the main sources of online information and topics on CGMs. Content was limited to English and was posted from August 1, 2020, to August 4, 2022. Using Brandwatch software, 17 940 messages were identified. After cleaning, there were 10 677 messages in final analyses conducted using SAS Text Miner V.12.1 software. RESULTS: The analysis identified 20 topics that formed 7 themes. Results show that most online information comes from news sources and focuses on the general benefits of CGM use. Beneficial aspects ranged from improvements in self-management behaviors, cost, and glucose levels. None of the themes mentioned changes to practice, research, or policies related to CGM. CONCLUSIONS: To improve diffusion of information and innovations going forward, novel ways of information sharing should be explored, such as diabetes specialist, provider, and researcher engagement in social media and digital storytelling.

Mobile Health Applications Addressing Health Disparities for Women on Community Supervision: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health applications have gained popularity in assisting high-risk, hard-to-reach groups in self-management of health conditions. One such population with high rates of health disparities comprises women under community supervision. In this review, we examine the literature on mHealth applications to address health disparities among women under community supervision. METHODS: We searched CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycInfo for peer-reviewed research articles conducted in the U.S. After removal of duplicates, review of 231 article titles and abstracts and 36 articles for full-text review yielded five articles for analysis. Extracted data include author, year, design, sample, objectives, conclusions, measures, interventions and analytic approach. RESULTS: Of the five studies that addressed health disparities of individuals under community supervision, one was done with participants on probation, four with participants on medication therapy for substance use disorder, and one with participants in a drug court program. Only one article was specific to women or controlled for ethnicity. No studies were done with those on parole. None done with populations outside the U.S. CONCLUSION: Few studies focused on health disparities of women under community supervision. mHealth applications that address substance use, reproductive and sexual health, and safety issues specific to women under community supervision are warranted.

mhealth apps can assist with alleviating health disparities in hard-to reach populations.Women on community supervision have unique health care needs based on their intersectionality.Conditions such as substance use disorder and violence often go under reported or undertreated.

Perceived racial discrimination and mental distress in older Korean Americans: the moderating role of ethnic resources.

OBJECTIVES: To examine associations among perceived racial discrimination, ethnic resources, and mental distress in older Korean Americans. Ethnic resources included ethnic identity (how closely individuals identify themselves with other members of the same ethnic background) and sense of community (individuals' feelings of belonging to their ethnic group). We examined the direct effect of perceived racial discrimination and these ethnic resources, as well as their interactions, hypothesizing that mental distress associated with perceived racial discrimination would be reduced by ethnic resources. DESIGN: Using survey data from the Study of Older Korean Americans (N = 2,150), linear regression models of mental distress were examined for direct and interactive roles of perceived racial discrimination and ethnic resources. RESULTS: Mental distress was directly associated with perceived racial discrimination (B = 1.90, SE = .20, p < .001), ethnic identity (B = -.41, SE = .13, p < .01), and sense of community (B = -.45, SE = .12, p < .001). Perceived racial discrimination interacted significantly with sense of community (B = -1.86, SE = .28, p < .001). Subgroup analyses suggested that in the context of experiencing racial discrimination, a high sense of community can serve as a buffer against mental distress. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic resources are a benefit in coping with experiences of discrimination. The moderating role of sense of community suggests the value of fostering social capital in ethnic communities to protect and promote older immigrants' mental health.

Association of weight, smoking, and alcohol consumption with age at natural menopause.

In South Korea, rapid economic growth and modernization have led to changes in lifestyle factors that may affect age at natural menopause. Data from 4,793 women aged ≥55 years, who had a natural menopause, were analyzed from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2017). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause after adjusting for birth cohort (Model 1) and sociodemographic and reproductive factors (Model 2). Overall, 3.1% of women experienced premature menopause (<40 years), 7.6% early menopause (40-44 years), and 12.8% late menopause (≥55 years). Women born in the 1940s or earlier among the birth cohorts had the highest prevalence of premature (70.0%), early (58.5%), and late (43.1%) menopause. In Model 2, current smoking (odds ratio = 3.99 and 95% confidence interval = 1.35-11.81) was associated with premature menopause. Low (<18.5 kg/m2) and high (≥25 kg/m2) body mass index were associated with early (odds ratio = 2.30 and 95% confidence interval = 1.01-5.22) and late (odds ratio = 1.38 and 95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.72) menopause respectively. Conversely, there was no association between age at natural menopause and alcohol consumption. The results suggest that healthy lifestyle factors, such as not smoking and proper weight maintenance, are significant factors affecting age at natural menopause. Our findings may help develop health policies and provide targeted care to improve women's health after midlife.

Factors Associated With Dietary Risks in Older Korean Americans.

Given the importance of healthy eating in the later years of life, the present study examined factors associated with dietary risks in older Korean Americans. We hypothesized that dietary risks would be associated with sociodemographic disadvantages, adverse health conditions, and limited sociocultural resources. Dietary risks were assessed with a scale covering five behavioral and situational risk factors (eating alone, skipping meals, functional challenges, oral health problems, and financial difficulties). Analyses of the data from the Study of Older Korean Americans (N = 2,150) showed that the sample on average had 1.13 risks (SD = 1.31), eating alone having the highest frequency (35.6%). Supporting the hypothesis, higher levels of dietary risks were found in individuals with sociodemographic disadvantages, poorer physical and mental health status, smaller social networks, and lower acculturation. Findings suggest concerted efforts to promote dietary behaviors and call attention to older immigrants who are socially and culturally isolated.

Older Korean Americans' Perceived Burdensomeness to Their Healthcare Partners: An Egocentric Network Assessment.

Objectives: The objective is to examine how older Korean Americans' perceived burdensomeness to their healthcare partners is associated with the characteristics of older adult participants (egos) and their healthcare partners (alters). Methods:Surveys of 2150 participants in the Study of Older Korean Americans provided ego data. Participants were also asked to list up to three individuals whom they usually asked for help on health-related matters or healthcare use, which generated 3402 alters. Multilevel modeling was conducted to examine the role of the characteristics of egos and alters, as well as their cross-level interactions. Results: Perceived burdensomeness was negatively associated with English-speaking ability and residence in a low Korean density area. Perceived burden was also lowered when emotional support was received from the alters, and this pattern was pronounced among those with multi-comorbidity. Discussion: By identifying older immigrants prone to the sense of burdensomeness, the study suggests strategies to promote their health and healthcare use.

The Mental Health Benefit of Friend Networks in Older Korean Americans: The Conditioning Effect of Family Type.

OBJECTIVES: We identified types of family relationships of older Korean Americans and examined how the mental health benefit of friend networks might be conditioned by family type. METHODS: Data were from 2,070 participants in the Study of Older Korean Americans, a multistate survey of Korean immigrants aged 60 and older (Mage = 73.3, standard deviation [SD] = 8.01). To identify family types, latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed with marital status, living arrangement, family network, positive and negative interactions with family members, and family mistreatment. Linear regression models examined how mental distress was associated with friend networks and family types, as well as their interactions. RESULTS: LPA identified 5 family types: close-knit, intimate but distant, detached, connected but dysfunctional, and dysfunctional. Greater distress was associated with smaller friend networks and belonging to the detached, connected but dysfunctional, and dysfunctional family types in comparison to the close-knit type. The interaction model showed that people in the connected but dysfunctional and dysfunctional groups had a stronger association between friend networks and mental distress than the counterparts in the close-knit group. DISCUSSION: We not only confirmed the health-promoting role of friend networks and the value of a close-knit family but also found that the benefit of friend networks was pronounced when quality of the family relationship was impaired. Our findings called renewed attention to older immigrants' social convoys of family and friends, suggesting that the enhancement of friend networks could be particularly advantageous for older immigrants with dysfunctional family relationships.

Cultural adaptation of the savvy caregiver program for Korean Americans with limited English proficiency: a feasibility and acceptability study.

BACKGROUND: Limited English proficiency (LEP) of dementia caregivers poses a critical barrier to these caregivers' access to evidence-based interventions. In an effort to make such interventions available and accessible to dementia caregivers with LEP, in the present study we use Barrera and colleagues' (2011) three-step model of cultural adaptation: (1) information gathering, (2) preliminary adaptation, and (3) full adaptation. Selecting Korean Americans as a target group and the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) as a target intervention, we demonstrate the sequential process of cultural adaption and report the outcomes on feasibility and acceptability. METHODS: Preliminary adaptation with linguistic attunement was conducted by translating the SCP manual into Korean and certifying two lay individuals who were bilingual in English and Korean as Savvy trainers. The 6-week online SCP program was delivered by the two trainers in Korean with six to seven caregiver participants per trainer (N = 13). Feasibility and acceptability of the SCP for both caregiver participants and trainers were assessed using mixed methods, and their data then informed full adaptation. RESULTS: Findings not only showed the initial efficacy of the linguistically attuned SCP but also suggested areas for further modification. Data-driven assessment yielded a list of recommended changes for full adaptation, which was reviewed by the SCP developer to ensure fidelity and by community and research partners to confirm contextual and cultural relevance. CONCLUSIONS: The adopted changes are broadly summarized as representing logistical, technical, and cultural issues. Given our refined set of educational materials and implementation guidelines, we discuss future directions for research and development.

Lessons Learned from Rapid Community Needs Assessment in the African American Community During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: With the accelerated spread of COVID-19 and current shelter-in-place orders from many local governments, African American (AA) communities see to be more vulnerable as emerging data show disproportionate rates of infection and mortality among AAs across the nation. OBJECTIVES: In a sample of AA church members, to conduct a rapid community assessment during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS: Our community-based participatory research team, partnering with the local AA church community and including trained lay health workers, conducted the assessment via telephone and online. RESULTS: Although most participants reported high confidence regarding recommendations for physical distancing, more than 60% reported elevated anxiety and stress, and 10% indicated that they needed more information about staying healthy and safe during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based participatory research with lay health workers is an effective method to implement a community needs assessment, problem-solve with community members, and build community health infrastructure during a public health crisis.