ABSTRACT
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that protects the body from free radicals. It has both antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, inducing macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Macrophages, key mediators of the innate immune response, are divided into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) subtypes. In this study, we aimed to assess the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of SOD on nerve cells and its immunomodulatory effects on macrophages. We observed that SOD inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced the viability of H2O2-treated nerve cells. Furthermore, SOD reduced the degree of necrosis in nerve cells treated with the conditioned medium from macrophages, which induced inflammation. In addition, SOD promoted the M1 to M2 transition of macrophages. Our findings suggest that SOD protects nerve cells and regulates immune responses.
Subject(s)
Macrophages , Neuroprotective Agents , Reactive Oxygen Species , Superoxide Dismutase , Animals , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Mice , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/immunology , Macrophages/metabolism , Humans , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , RAW 264.7 Cells , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Neuroblastoma/immunology , Neuroblastoma/pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Antioxidants/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The use of injectable hyaluronic acid-based gel is well established in aesthetic facial procedures especially on the nasolabial fold (NLF). OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of PP-501-A-Lidocaine dermal filler with RestylaneLidocaine(®) when administered to the NLF. METHODS: Sixty-six subjects seeking correction of NLFs, with moderate or severe wrinkle severity, were recruited for this multicenter, randomized, patient and evaluator-blind, matched pairs, and active-controlled design clinical study. PP-501-A-Lidocaine and RestylaneLidocaine(®) were injected into the deep layer of the dermis and/or subcutis of the NLF. The first validity evaluation variable was the average wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS), as scored by independent blinded evaluators at week 24. The second validity evaluation variable including the global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), the WSRS, and adverse event reporting at weeks 8, 16, and 24 were also performed. RESULTS: The mean improvement in the WSRS from baseline was 1.58 ± 0.68 for the PP-501-A-Lidocaine and 1.51 ± 0.66 for the RestylaneLidocaine(®) at week 24. The average value at week 8 after the final application was 1.62 ± 0.78 and 1.60 ± 0.75 in parts subject to PP-501-A-Lidocaine and RestylaneLidocaine(®), respectively, and 1.58 ± 0.70 and 1.57 ± 0.68 at week 16, respectively. Both improvement and duration of the treatment effect were similar between the two groups. GAIS data rated by the treating investigator and participants showed no statistically significant differences. Both fillers were well tolerated and adverse reactions were mild and transient in most cases. CONCLUSION: PP-501-A-Lidocaine showed an equivalent efficacy and safety observed after 6 months of follow-up compared to RestylaneLidocaine(®). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Subject(s)
Cosmetic Techniques , Dermal Fillers , Hyaluronic Acid/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Nasolabial Fold , Skin Aging , Adult , Aged , Dermal Fillers/adverse effects , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects , Lidocaine/adverse effects , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis is a global public health concern owing to its increasing prevalence and socioeconomic burden. However, few studies have assessed the economic impact of atopic dermatitis in Korea. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a cost analysis of atopic dermatitis and evaluated its economic impacts on individual annual disease burden, quality of life, and changes in medical expenses with respect to changes in health related-quality of life. METHODS: The cost analysis of atopic dermatitis was performed by reviewing the home accounting records of 32 patients. The economic impact of the disease was evaluated by analyzing questionnaires. To handle uncertainties, we compared the results with the data released by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Board on medical costs claimed by healthcare facilities. RESULTS: The direct cost of atopic dermatitis per patient during the 3-month study period was 541,280 Korean won (KRW), and expenditures on other atopic dermatitis-related products were 120,313 KRW. The extrapolated annual direct cost (including expenditures on other atopic dermatitis-related products) per patient was 2,646,372 KRW. The estimated annual indirect cost was 1,507,068 KRW. Thus, the annual cost of illness of atopic dermatitis (i.e., direct+indirect costs) was estimated to be 4,153,440 KRW. CONCLUSION: The annual total social cost of atopic dermatitis on a national level is estimated to be 5.8 trillion KRW.
