The mediation effect of indoor air quality on health: A comparison of homeowners and renters.

This research aims to explore whether there is a health disparity between homeowners and renters affected by the indoor air quality of their dwellings. By proxying the presence of mold and smoke as conjoint facilitators of poor indoor air quality, we design a mediation model that previously has not been explored empirically. The structural path model in this study shows that there is indeed a disparity in health between homeowners and renters by demography, socioeconomic status, and dwelling condition. Our study argues that renters whose living conditions are generally worse off than homeowners are also unequal in their health status due to exacerbating effects from poor indoor air quality, which is endogenous to the state of the renter. The originality of this study is that it is the first study that empirically tests the mediation effect of poor indoor air quality of homeowners and renters using a structural equation path model.

Gender, bottom-line mentality, and workplace mistreatment: The roles of gender norm violation and team gender composition.

Although gender has been identified as an important antecedent in workplace mistreatment research, empirical research has shown mixed results. Drawing on role congruity theory, we propose an interactive effect of gender and bottom-line mentality on being the target of mistreatment. Across two field studies, our results showed that whereas women experienced more mistreatment when they had higher levels of bottom-line mentality, men experienced more mistreatment when they had lower levels of bottom-line mentality. In another field study, using round-robin survey data, we found that team gender composition influenced the degree to which the adoption of a bottom-line mentality by female team members was perceived to be a gender norm violation, which subsequently predicted their likelihood of being mistreated. Specifically, women who had higher (vs. lower) levels of bottom-line mentality were more likely to be perceived to violate gender norms in teams with a lower proportion of women, and in turn, perceived gender norm violation was positively associated with being mistreated. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our findings and directions for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

N2O dynamics in the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2017.

The western Arctic Ocean (WAO) has experienced increased heat transport into the region, sea-ice reduction, and changes to the WAO nitrous oxide (N2O) cycles from greenhouse gases. We investigated WAO N2O dynamics through an intensive and precise N2O survey during the open-water season of summer 2017. The effects of physical processes (i.e., solubility and advection) were dominant in both the surface (0-50 m) and deep layers (200-2200 m) of the northern Chukchi Sea with an under-saturation of N2O. By contrast, both the surface layer (0-50 m) of the southern Chukchi Sea and the intermediate (50-200 m) layer of the northern Chukchi Sea were significantly influenced by biogeochemically derived N2O production (i.e., through nitrification), with N2O over-saturation. During summer 2017, the southern region acted as a source of atmospheric N2O (mean: + 2.3 ± 2.7 µmol N2O m-2 day-1), whereas the northern region acted as a sink (mean - 1.3 ± 1.5 µmol N2O m-2 day-1). If Arctic environmental changes continue to accelerate and consequently drive the productivity of the Arctic Ocean, the WAO may become a N2O "hot spot", and therefore, a key region requiring continued observations to both understand N2O dynamics and possibly predict their future changes.

Pulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine infusion in thoracic aortic surgery under hypothermic circulatory arrest: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Dexmedetomidine has emerged as a promising organ protective agent. We performed prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial investigating effects of perioperative dexmedetomidine infusion on pulmonary function following thoracic aortic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Fifty-two patients were randomized to two groups: the dexmedetomidine group received 1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine over 20 min after induction of anesthesia, followed by 0.5 µg/kg/h infusion until 12 h after aortic cross clamp (ACC)-off, while the control group received the same volume of normal saline. The primary endpoints were oxygenation indices including arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) to alveolar O2 partial pressure ratio (a/A ratio), (A-a) O2 gradient, PaO2/FiO2 and lung mechanics including peak inspiratory and plateau pressures and compliances, which were assessed after anesthesia induction, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after ACC-off. The secondary endpoints were serum biomarkers including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). As a result, dexmedetomidine did not confer protective effects on the lungs, but inhibited elevation of serum MDA level, indicative of anti-oxidative stress property, and improved urine output and lower requirements of vasopressors.

Studies on Pre-Modern Medical History in Korea, 2010-2019: Increased Study Areas and Diversified Approaches.

The goal of this article is to summarize the current status of medical history research conducted from 2010 to 2019, following Shin Dongwon's research covering 2000-2010 regarding the current status of Korean pre-modern medical history. The list of references is organized according to several principles. The representative subjects of the Korean Society for the History of Medicine and the Korean Society of Medical history are Korean Journal of Medical History and The Journal of Korean Medical History, and Yonsei Journal of Medical History of the Yonsei University Medical History Institute. Subsequently, "Reviews and Prospects" of the History Journal and "Korean History Research Report" of the National History Compilation Committee are also summarized, and "Medical History Company Research," which was recently published by the Medical History Research Society, is also included. Unlike previous periods, many studies have been conducted on the topic, and the characteristics of the system are largely classified. Most notably, the medical data related to carriers that were concentrated in the early 2010s. It is also worth noting that the research on the agenda, including Lee Soo-gi's newly discovered agenda, is also increasing. In addition, studies that combine the history of medicine with women's history and intellectual history as interdisciplinary studies have been increasing. As such, this is an opportunity for future medical history research to expand the horizon.

Latitudinal Distributions and Controls of Bacterial Community Composition during the Summer of 2017 in Western Arctic Surface Waters (from the Bering Strait to the Chukchi Borderland).

The western Arctic Ocean is experiencing some of the most rapid environmental changes in the Arctic. However, little is known about the microbial community response to these changes. Employing observations from the summer of 2017, this study investigated latitudinal variations in bacterial community composition in surface waters between the Bering Strait and Chukchi Borderland and the factors driving the changes. Results indicate three distinctive communities. Southern Chukchi bacterial communities are associated with nutrient rich conditions, including genera such as Sulfitobacter, whereas the northern Chukchi bacterial community is dominated by SAR clades, Flavobacterium, Paraglaciecola, and Polaribacter genera associated with low nutrients and sea ice conditions. The frontal region, located on the boundary between the southern and northern Chukchi, is a transition zone with intermediate physical and biogeochemical properties; however, bacterial communities differed markedly from those found to the north and south. In the transition zone, Sphingomonas, with as yet undetermined ecological characteristics, are relatively abundant. Latitudinal distributions in bacterial community composition are mainly attributed to physical and biogeochemical characteristics, suggesting that these communities are susceptible to Arctic environmental changes. These findings provide a foundation to improve understanding of bacterial community variations in response to a rapidly changing Arctic Ocean.

Effect of fentanyl nasal packing treatment on patients with acute postoperative pain after closed reduction of nasal bone fracture: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Nasal bone fracture reduction surgery is normally followed by nasal packing to control bleeding. Yet, patients suffer from pain and require further analgesic treatments following nasal packing and removal. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fentanyl-soaked packing as a method of controlling pain after nasal surgeries in a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. METHODS: Sixty-five patients that have undergone closed nasal bone fracture reduction surgery were included in this study. Thirty-two patients were treated postoperatively with 50 mcg fentanyl-soaked Merocel®, a biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foams packing, and the other 33 patients were treated with saline-soaked packings. To analyze the relative nasal pain control effect of fentanyl, Numeric Rating Scale, patient satisfaction and Ramsay Sedation Scale were used. Patients were closely monitored to record relevant cardiopulmonary indicators and degree of adverse symptoms such as headache or sore throat. RESULTS: Fentanyl group had a significantly lower Numeric Rating Scale and higher patient satisfaction for most of the time periods after operation (p < .05). Symptoms of headache and sore throat were also significantly reduced. Ramsay Sedation Scale scores improved compared to the control group (p < .05). No significant differences in cardiopulmonary relevant indicators between the two experimental groups were observed (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Fentanyl-soaked packing significantly decreased postoperative pain with no observable adverse effects. Our results demonstrate that topical fentanyl application to nasal packing is an effective method of postoperative pain control after closed nasal bone fracture reduction surgery.

Triboelectric Series of 2D Layered Materials.

Recently, as applications based on triboelectricity have expanded, understanding the triboelectric charging behavior of various materials has become essential. This study investigates the triboelectric charging behaviors of various 2D layered materials, including MoS2 , MoSe2 , WS2 , WSe2 , graphene, and graphene oxide in a triboelectric series using the concept of a triboelectric nanogenerator, and confirms the position of 2D materials in the triboelectric series. It is also demonstrated that the results are obviously related to the effective work functions. The charging polarity indicates the similar behavior regardless of the synthetic method and film thickness ranging from a few hundred nanometers (for chemically exfoliated and restacked films) to a few nanometers (for chemical vapor deposited films). Further, the triboelectric charging characteristics could be successfully modified via chemical doping. This study provides new insights to utilize 2D materials in triboelectric devices, allowing thin and flexible device fabrication.

Observation of negative differential resistance in mesoscopic graphene oxide devices.

The fractions of various functional groups in graphene oxide (GO) are directly related to its electrical and chemical properties and can be controlled by various reduction methods like thermal, chemical and optical. However, a method with sufficient controllability to regulate the reduction process has been missing. In this work, a hybrid method of thermal and joule heating processes is demonstrated where a progressive control of the ratio of various functional groups can be achieved in a localized area. With this precise control of carbon-oxygen ratio, negative differential resistance (NDR) is observed in the current-voltage characteristics of a two-terminal device in the ambient environment due to charge-activated electrochemical reactions at the GO surface. This experimental observation correlates with the optical and chemical characterizations. This NDR behavior offers new opportunities for the fabrication and application of such novel electronic devices in a wide range of devices applications including switches and oscillators.

Influence of electrocautery-induced electromagnetic interference on quantitative electroencephalographic monitoring of hypnosis during general anesthesia: comparison between the ADMS® and the BIS VISTATM.

BACKGROUND: Hypnosis monitors analyze small-amplitude electrical signals transmitted from the brain that could be exposed to the electromagnetic field that occurs around the body during electrocautery (ECT). We investigated the influence of ECT on hypnosis monitoring during anesthesia. METHODS: We simultaneously monitored BIS and uCON during 50 gynecologic oncology surgeries. During the episodes of ECT, we compared the absolute difference (a-Diff) between the baseline index and the most deviated index after ECT over either 30-60 s (ECT30-60) or more than 60 s (ECT > 60) between the monitors. We also investigated the bias and the limits of agreement between the monitors. RESULTS: Between the two monitors, the a-Diff of ECT30-60 was 1.4 ± 1.1 for the BIS, which was significantly greater than 0.6 ± 0.9 for the uCON (P = 0.003), and the a-Diff of ECT > 60 was 16.5 ± 8.2 for the BIS, which was also significantly greater than 1.4 ± 1.3 for uCON (P < 0.001). The intra-monitor index differences showed that the BIS during ECT > 60 was significantly greater than that during ECT30-60 (P < 0.001), but the uCON showed no significant difference between ECT30-60 and ECT > 60 (P = 0.056). The estimated bias between the monitors was 6.3 ± 9.8 and 95% limits agreement was -12.3 to 25.0. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged ECT intervention might lead to spurious estimations of quantitative EEG indexes. Therefore, hypnosis should be clinically assessed in combination with scrutinized judgment of relevant clinical symptoms and signs for hypnosis.

The effects of adjuvant intrathecal fentanyl on postoperative pain and rebound pain for anorectal surgery under saddle anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Intrathecal opioid has been known to enhance the quality and prolong the duration of spinal anesthesia, as well as to reduce postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative analgesic characteristics of intrathecal fentanyl for the first 48 hours after anorectal surgery under saddle anesthesia. METHODS: Eighty patients were recruited in our study. Forty patients were randomly allocated to group B that received 0.5% bupivacaine 5 mg with 0.3 ml normal saline. The other 40 patients were assigned to group BF which was given 0.5% bupivacaine 5 mg with fentanyl 15 µg. The primary outcome variable was a numeric rating scale (NRS) at six hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included changes in the NRS score between one and 48 hours postoperatively, consumption of rescue analgesics, and the frequency of rebound pain. RESULTS: Group BF exhibited a lower mean NRS score at postoperative six hours compared to group B (P < 0.001). However, the mean NRS score was not different after postoperative six hours between the two groups. The median consumption of rescue analgesics in group BF was less than that of group B (P = 0.028) and the frequency of rebound pain decreased in group BF when compared to group B (P = 0.021). The levels of sensory block were S1 dermatome and motor block scores were 0 for both groups. There was no significant difference in adverse effects between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal fentanyl 15 µg for anorectal surgery under saddle anesthesia led to an improved pain score for the first six hours after surgery and decreased postoperative analgesic use. Rebound pain diminished with intrathecal fentanyl and adverse effects did not increase.

Effect of Fentanyl Nasal Packing Treatment on Patients With Acute Postoperative Pain After Nasal Operation: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Nasal packing is an option for bleeding control after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty. Although new packing materials have been developed, patients still suffer from pain and require additional analgesics treatments. In this study, a prospective, randomized, and double-blind controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effect of fentanyl-soaked packing on pain after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty. METHODS: One hundred fifty-two patients who underwent nasal surgeries due to chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal septal deviation were enrolled in this study. At the end of operation, 50 mcg fentanyl-soaked biodegradable synthetic polyurethane foams packing Nasopore or Merocel were applied to a group of 79 patients, and saline-soaked ones were applied to another group of 73 patients. To evaluate the influence of fentanyl on postoperative nasal pain, patients' conditions were assessed via means of Numeric Rating Scale, patient satisfaction, and Ramsay Sedation Scale. In addition, symptoms of headache or sore throat and any signs of cardiopulmonary-relevant indicators were monitored. RESULTS: The fentanyl group had significantly decreased Numeric Rating Scale and increased patient satisfaction in every operation type for the majority of postoperative time periods ( P < .05) with reduced postoperative headache and sore throat compared to the control group. The fentanyl group showed a higher score on Ramsay Sedation Scale than the control group ( P < .05 in group including endoscopic sinus surgery). There were no significant differences in cardiopulmonary-relevant indicators between the 2 groups ( P > .05). CONCLUSION: Fentanyl group showed significantly reduced postoperative pain without serious adverse effects. We suggest that topical fentanyl application to nasal packs can be a useful method to reduce pain during the early postoperative period after endoscopic sinus surgery and septoplasty.

Effect of preoperative pregabalin as an adjunct to a multimodal analgesic regimen in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Depending on the type of injury, the pain mechanisms are multifactorial. Preoperative pregabalin administrations as an adjunct to a multimodal postoperative pain management strategy have been tested in various surgical settings. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative pregabalin administration on postoperative pain intensity and rescue analgesic requirement following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). METHODS: Sixty adult patients undergoing VATS were randomly assigned either to receive pregabalin 150 mg (Pregabalin group) or placebo (Control group) 1 hour before anesthesia. Primary efficacy variable was pain intensity. Secondary efficacy variables were the requirement of rescue analgesics, total volume of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA), and adverse effects induced by pregabalin or IV-PCA. RESULTS: Pain intensity scores at post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), 6 and 24 hours were lower significantly in the Pregabalin group compared with the Control group (mean [SD]; 5.6 [2.0] vs 6.8 [1.8]; mean difference: 1.2, 95% CI of difference: 0.2166-2.1835, P = .018, mean [SD]; 3.8 [1.9] vs 5.6 [1.4]; mean difference: 1.8, 95% CI of difference: 1.0074-2.7260, P = .001 and mean [SD]; 2.6 [1.6] vs 3.5 [1.5]; mean difference: 0.9, 95% CI of difference: 0.0946-1.7054, P = .029, respectively]. Also, the frequency of additional rescue drug administered at PACU (median [interquartile range]; 2 [2-3] vs 1 [1-2], P = .027) was significantly less in the Pregabalin group. The incidences of adverse effects related to pregabalin or IV-PCA were not different between the groups. CONCLUSION: A single administration of pregabalin 150 mg before VATS decreased postoperative pain scores and incidence of additional rescue analgesics in the immediate postoperative period without increased risk of adverse effects.

From Woohwang Cheongsimwon* to Ginseng - The History of Medicine Use in the Joseon Era -*.

In Korean traditional medicine, though herbal decoction, acupuncture, and moxibustion are all used to treat diseases, restorative medicines are the most widely preferred treatment method. This paper explores the historical background of restorative herbal medicines and ginseng among the Korean public and Korean traditional medicine practice. It also seeks to clarify how social and cultural perspectives on drug use have changed since restorative medicine became mainstream during the Joseon era. Drug use tendencies were affected by the medical system of the Joseon Dynasty, patients' desires for reliable treatment, and perceptions of the human body and the causes of disease. In the late Joseon Dynasty, medicine, an industry originally monopolized by the government, began to be manufactured and traded on the free market, and medical personnel began to participate in medical activities on a large scale. As the health preserving theory became more popular and medical personnel became more accessible, medicinal preferences also changed. Specifically, whereas preference was first given to common medicines, such as Cheongsimwon, which are effective for various symptoms, restorative medicines, such as ginseng, gradually became more popular. These restorative medicines were faithful to the basic tenet of East Asian traditional medicine: to avoid disease by making the body healthy before the onset of illness. Patients' desires for safe treatment and growing competition among commercial doctors who wanted stable profits further increased the popularity of milder medicines. Ultimately, as ginseng cultivation was realized, its use expanded even further in a wave of commercialization.

Robust nanogenerators based on graft copolymers via control of dielectrics for remarkable output power enhancement.

A robust nanogenerator based on poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA)-grafted polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) copolymers via dielectric constant control through an atom-transfer radical polymerization technique, which can markedly increase the output power, is demonstrated. The copolymer is mainly composed of α phases with enhanced dipole moments due to the π-bonding and polar characteristics of the ester functional groups in the PtBA, resulting in the increase of dielectric constant values by approximately twice, supported by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements. This increase in the dielectric constant significantly increased the density of the charges that can be accumulated on the copolymer during physical contact. The nanogenerator generates output signals of 105 V and 25 µA/cm2, a 20-fold enhancement in output power, compared to pristine PVDF-based nanogenerator after tuning the surface potential using a poling method. The markedly enhanced output performance is quite stable and reliable in harsh mechanical environments due to the high flexibility of the films. On the basis of these results, a much faster charging characteristic is demonstrated in this study.

Rewritable ghost floating gates by tunnelling triboelectrification for two-dimensional electronics.

Gates can electrostatically control charges inside two-dimensional materials. However, integrating independent gates typically requires depositing and patterning suitable insulators and conductors. Moreover, after manufacturing, gates are unchangeable. Here we introduce tunnelling triboelectrification for localizing electric charges in very close proximity of two-dimensional materials. As representative materials, we use chemical vapour deposition graphene deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate. The triboelectric charges, generated by friction with a Pt-coated atomic force microscope tip and injected through defects, are trapped at the air-SiO2 interface underneath graphene and act as ghost floating gates. Tunnelling triboelectrification uniquely permits to create, modify and destroy p and n regions at will with the spatial resolution of atomic force microscopes. As a proof of concept, we draw rewritable p/n+ and p/p+ junctions with resolutions as small as 200 nm. Our results open the way to time-variant two-dimensional electronics where conductors, p and n regions can be defined on demand.

Cerebrospinal fluid infection after lumbar nerve root steroid injection: a case report.

A 45-year-old woman was admitted due to severe headache and neck stiffness. She had visited a local clinic for back pain and received a lumbar nerve root steroid injection 10 days before admission. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed psoas abscess, pneumocephalus, and subdural hygroma. She was diagnosed with psoas abscess and meningitis. The abscess and external ventricle were drained, and antibiotics were administered. Unfortunately, the patient died on hospital day 19 due to diffuse leptomeningitis. Lumbar nerve root steroid injections are commonly used to control back pain. Vigilance to "red flag signs" and a rapid diagnosis can prevent lethal outcomes produced by rare and unexpected complications related to infection. Here, we report a case of fatal meningitis after infection of the cerebrospinal fluid following a lumbar nerve root steroid injection.

Control of Triboelectrification by Engineering Surface Dipole and Surface Electronic State.

Although triboelectrification is a well-known phenomenon, fundamental understanding of its principle on a material surface has not been studied systematically. Here, we demonstrated that the surface potential, especially the surface dipoles and surface electronic states, governed the triboelectrification by controlling the surface with various electron-donating and -withdrawing functional groups. The functional groups critically affected the surface dipoles and surface electronic states followed by controlling the amount of and even the polarity of triboelectric charges. As a result, only one monolayer with a thickness of less than 1 nm significantly changed the conventional triboelectric series. First-principles simulations confirmed the atomistic origins of triboelectric charges and helped elucidate the triboelectrification mechanism. The simulation also revealed for the first time where charges are retained after triboelectrification. This study provides new insights to understand triboelectrification.

Preparation of ZnO Nanorod/Graphene/ZnO Nanorod Epitaxial Double Heterostructure for Piezoelectrical Nanogenerator by Using Preheating Hydrothermal.

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we describe a one-step fabrication technique to synthesis freestanding ZnO nanorod/graphene/ZnO nanorod double heterostructure. The preparation of the double heterostructure is performed by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and preheating hydrothermal technique. In addition, the morphological properties were characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The utility of freestanding double heterostructure is demonstrated by fabricating the piezoelectric nanogenerator. The electrical output is improved up to 200% compared to that of a single heterostructure owing to the coupling effect of the piezoelectricity between the arrays of ZnO nanorods on the top and bottom of graphene. This unique double heterostructure have a tremendous potential for applications of electrical and optoelectrical devices where the high number density and specific surface area of nanorod are needed, such as pressure sensor, immuno-biosensor and dye-sensitized solar cells.

Taking it to another level: do personality-based human capital resources matter to firm performance?

Drawing on the attraction-selection-attrition perspective, strategic human resource management (SHRM) scholarship, and recent human capital research, this study explores organization-level emergence of personality (i.e., personality-based human capital resources) and its direct, interactive, and (conditional) indirect effects on organization-level outcomes based on data from 6,709 managers across 71 firms. Results indicate that organization-level mean emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness are positively related to organization-level managerial job satisfaction and labor productivity but not to financial performance. Furthermore, organization-level mean and variance in emotional stability interact to predict all three organization-level outcomes, and organization-level mean and variance in extraversion interact to predict firm financial performance. Specifically, the positive effects of organization-level mean emotional stability and extraversion are stronger when organization-level variance in these traits is lower. Finally, organization-level mean emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness are all positively related to firm financial performance indirectly via labor productivity, and the indirect effects are more positive when organization-level variance in those personality traits is lower. Overall, the findings suggest that personality-based human capital resources demonstrate tangible effects on organization-level outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed along with study limitations and future research directions.