ABSTRACT
A facile one-pot synthetic method for preparing the Ag nanoparticle inks with a bimodal size distribution was newly devised and they were successfully employed as a conducting filler to form the metal-mesh type transparent conducting electrodes on the flexible substrate. Bimodal-sized Ag nanoparticles were synthesized through the polyol process, and their size variation was occurred via finely tuned composition ratio between Ag+ ions and polymeric capping agents. The prepared bimodal-sized Ag nanoparticles exhibited the form of well-dispersed Ag nanoparticle inks without adding any dispersants and dispersion process. By filling the patterned micro-channels engraved on the flexible polymer substrate using a bimodal-sized Ag nanoparticle ink, a metal-mesh type transparent electrode (transmittance: 90% at 550 nm, haze: 1.5, area: 8 × 8 cm2) was fabricated. By applying DC voltage to the mesh type electrode, a flexible transparent joule heater was successfully achieved with a performance of 4.5 °C s-1 heat-up rate at a low input power density.
ABSTRACT
C-encapsulated highly pure Ni, Co, and Fe magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs/C) were synthesized by an innovative one-step in-situ plasma in liquid method (solution plasma processing, SPP) without any additional reductants, agents, or treatment. Successful encapsulation of MNPs was demonstrated by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The obtained X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy images corresponded to MNPs with average diameters of 5 nm and good crystalline structure. The C capsules with spherical shapes (containing onion-like layers) were characterized by uniform sizes (ranging from 20 nm to 30 nm) and chain-like morphologies. The synthesized MNPs/C exhibited superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and might be utilized in data storage, biomedical, and energy applications since various NPs (including bimetallic ones) could be easily prepared by changing working electrodes. This study shows the potential of SPP to be a candidate for the next-generation synthesis method of NPs/C.
ABSTRACT
Delivered dialysis dose by continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) depends on circuit efficacy, which is influenced in part by the anticoagulation strategy. We evaluated the association of anticoagulation strategy used on solute clearance efficacy, circuit longevity, bleeding complications, and mortality. We analyzed data from 1740 sessions 24 h in length among 244 critically ill patients, with at least 48 h on CRRT. Regional citrate, heparin, or saline flushes was variably used to prevent or attenuate filter clotting. We calculated delivered dose using the standardized Kt/Vurea . We monitored filter efficacy by calculating effluent urea nitrogen/blood urea nitrogen ratios. Filter longevity was significantly higher with citrate (median 48, interquartile range [IQR] 20.3-75.0 hours) than with heparin (5.9, IQR 8.5-27.0 hours) or no anticoagulation (17.5, IQR 9.5-32 hours, P < 0.0001). Delivered dose was highest in treatments where citrate was employed. Bleeding complications were similar across the three groups (P = 0.25). Compared with no anticoagulation, odds of death was higher with the heparin use (odds ratio [OR] 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.32; P = 0.033), but not with citrate (OR 1.02 95% CI 0.54-1.96; P = 0.53). Relative to heparin or no anticoagulation, the use of regional citrate for anticoagulation in CRRT was associated with significantly prolonged filter life and increased filter efficacy with respect to delivered dialysis dose. Rates of bleeding complications, transfusions, and mortality were similar across the three groups. While these and other data suggest that citrate anticoagulation may offer superior technical performance than heparin or no anticoagulation, adequately powered clinical trials comparing alternative anticoagulation strategies should be performed to evaluate overall safety and efficacy.
