[Characteristics Influencing the Occurrence of Respiratory Medical Device-related Pressure Ulcers in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit]. / 소아중환자실 환아의 호흡기계 의료장치 ê´€ë ¨ 욕창 발생 ê´€ë ¨ 특성.

PURPOSE: This prospective study was conducted to determine the incidence and related characteristics of respiratory medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: The participants were 184 children who were admitted to the PICU of P University Hospital from April 2016 to January 2017. Data were collected on the occurrence of respiratory MDRPU and characteristics regarding the application of respiratory medical devices. RESULTS: Respiratory MDRPU occurred in 11.9% of participants (58.3%: stage I ulcers, 37.5%: mucosal ulcers). The devices associated with respiratory MDRPU were endotracheal tubes (54.2%), high-flow nasal cannulas (37.5%), and oximetry probes (8.3%). Respiratory MDRPU associated with an endotracheal tube were significant differences according to the site and strength of fixation, the use of a bite block and adhesive tape, skin dryness, and edema. In high-flow nasal cannulas, significant differences were found according to the site of fixation, immobility after fixation, and skin dryness. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of respiratory MDRPU is significantly affected by the method and strength of fixation, as well as skin dryness and edema. Therefore, appropriate consideration of these factors in nursing care can help prevent respiratory MDRPU.

[How Does Advance Provision of Emergency Contraceptives Affect Contraceptive Use and Sexual Activity Among Adolescents? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of emergency contraceptive pill on adolescent sexuality and contraceptive behaviors through a meta - analysis of intervention studies on advance provision of emergency contraceptives. This study aimed to provide objective data on the transition of general medicines to be discussed in relation to the reclassification of emergency contraceptive pills. METHODS: Using electronic database, 1,820 studies written in Korean or English without limitation of the year were reviewed and for analysis, 5 studies were selected, in which emergency contraceptives were provided to adolescents. RESULTS: The advance provision of emergency contraceptives has increased their use and shortened the time it takes to take contraceptive pills after unprotected sex. There was no change in the frequency of engaging in sexual intercourse and unprotected sex or in existing contraceptive behavior, pregnancy rates decreased, but there was no increase in sexually transmitted infection. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide objective grounds for the reclassification of emergency contraceptive pills and propose effective interventional programs on contraceptive education, such as on efficacy and side effects of the contraceptive drug and its proper use among the youth who engage in sexual activity, to improve their reproductive health.

Factors influencing sexual function of middle-aged married Korean women.

[Purpose] This study investigated the status of women's sexual function and relevant factors given the fact that women's health is crucial to the national health, and in particular that women's sexual health has a significant impact on their overall health. [Subjects and Methods] This study surveyed 353 women living in South Korea's P and K metropolitan regions from July 2012 to August 10, 2013. The Female Sexual Functional Index (FSFI), the Sexual Attitude Scale (SAS), sexual knowledge and questionnaires were used. [Results] Two groups based on FSFI scores above and below a cutoff value of 25 were compared with each other, and significant differences were found in age, male friends, menstrual status, sex status, and frequency of sex, experience of forced sex, personal health, husband's health and sexual knowledge. Male friends, sex status, experience of forced sex, husband's healths and sexual knowledge explained women's sexual function. [Conclusion] The finding that women's sexual function is associated with multiple factors suggests an intervention program for improving women's sexual function should be developed to reflect the factors influencing the target groups' sexual function.

Path analysis of empowerment and work effectiveness among staff nurses.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test a predictive model that could predict and explain work effectiveness among staff nurses at local hospitals. METHODS: Between April 1 and May 15, 2009, 340 nurses were recruited from two hospitals (one in Ulsan and one in Yangsan). Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: A modified model was retained, as the final path model showed a very good fit with the data. Job characteristics and compensation justice were found to have direct and positive effects on empowerment. Job characteristics, transformational leadership, and empowerment were found to directly and positively affect work effectiveness. In addition, job characteristics were found to have a greater effect on empowerment and work effectiveness than other factors do. CONCLUSION: This structural equation model was used to test the relationships between these factors and work effectiveness. Empowerment mediated the relationship between job characteristics, transformational leadership, and work effectiveness. Findings from this study can be used to design the strategies for increasing work effectiveness in Korean nurses.

[Development and evaluation of an e-learning program for mothers of premature infants].

PURPOSE: It has been attempted to support mother of premature infants by providing information of premature infant care using e-learning because premature infants need continuous care from birth to after discharge. METHOD: The e-Learning Program for mother of premature was developed with Xpert, Namo web editor, Adobe Photoshop, and PowerPoint and applied for 4 weeks from 4 to 30 September 2006. RESULT: 1) We found that the contents of information which premature infants' need when being in the hospital and after discharge were the definition of a premature infant, orientation of NICU, care of premature infants, care of premature infants' common diseases, the connection of healthcare resources, exchange of information, and the management of rearing stress. 2) The program content consisted of cause of premature birth, comparison to full-term baby, physiology character, orientation of NICU, common health problems, follow up care, infection control, feeding, normal development physically and mentally, weaning method, and vaccination. CONCLUSION: Considering the results, this program for mother of premature is a useful means to provide premature-care information to mothers. This information can be readily accessible and can be varied and complex enough to be able to help mothers to the information and assistance they require.

[Effects of walking exercise on metabolic syndrome risk factors and body composition in obese middle school girls].

PURPOSE: This study was done to determine the effects of walking exercise training(WET) on metabolic syndrome risk factors and body composition in obese middle school girls. METHOD: A non-equivalent pretest-posttest experimental design was used. Twenty seven subjects participated in this study from one women's middle school in Busan. The participants were purposely allocated to an experimental group (n=14) and a control group (n=13). The experimental group participated in 30-60 minutes of WET with 55 to 75% of a maximal heart rate six days a week for 12 weeks. RESULTS: The prevalence of individual risk factors on metabolic syndrome were improved in the experimental group after the intervention. The high waist circumference(WC), high triglyceride(TG), low high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), high blood pressure(BP) and high fasting glucose(FG) were 21.4, 21.4, 14.3, 28.6 and 7.2%, respectively. There were significant differences in WC (F=22.24, p<.001), TG (F=5.34, p=0.30), body weight(F=21.99, p<.001), fat mass(F=19.17, p<.001), and % body fat(F=17.93, p<.001) between the experimental and control group after the intervention. However, there were no significant differences in HDL-C, FG and BP between the experimental and control group after the intervention. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that WET is effective in decreasing risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and body composition components in obese middle school girls. These findings suggest that WET can be useful as a nursing intervention in the prevention of obesity-related disorders in obese adolescents.

[The experiences of perioperative patients with cancer].

PURPOSE: This study was to explore the experiences of perioperative patients with cancer. The purpose of this inquiry was to describe the essence of such experiences, and to understand them from the patients'point of view. METHOD: Participants in this study were 9 cancer patients with ages ranging from 31 to 70 years old, living in B city, who experienced cancer operations. Data collection consisted of in-depth interviews and an observation method done from October to December in 2003. In analysing data, Colaizzi's(1978) phenomenological research method was adopted. RESULTS: Five categories emerged from ten theme clusters. The five categories were: 'shock', 'expectations & wishes', 'despair', 'feelings of burden', 'continual pain'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that oncology nurses need to pay more attention to the psychosocial aspect of nursing to emphasize and support the cancer patients who suffer and its treatment, and operations.

[Conquering process of the group-bullies among teenagers].

PURPOSE: This study was to develop a substantive theory on the conquering experience of group-bullies among teenagers, and thereafter suggest a model for solving the problems. METHOD: Data collection and analysis was proceeded by a method of Grounded Theory. Data was collected by interviewing the participants. Five teenagers participated in this study who had already overcome the situation. RESULT: In the analysis 31 concepts, 6 categories, and 14 subcategories are extracted from the raw data, and all are constituted on the paradigm model. The causal condition is a painstaking of participants. The context is affirmative reconsidering and the phenomenon is conquering difficulties. The intervening condition is a positive intervention of a supporting system and the strategy for action/interaction is building a relationship. The consequences of this analysis is harmonizing. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest adequate ways of conquering group-bullies. These are positive attitudes towards solving problems and the full use of support systems surrounding them.

[The effect of handwashing improving program and MRSA carrier screening program on the MRSA infection rates in an intensive care unit].

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of handwashing improving program and MRSA carrier detection program on MRSA(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) infection rate in a intensive care unit. METHOD: The intervention was Nosocomial Infection(NI) control program consisted of hand washing improving program and identification and treatment of MRSA carrier. Data on the NI and MRSA infections were collected by an infection control nurse based on the definition of CDC. MRSA infection rates were calculated by the number of MRSA infection per 100 admissions or 1,000 patients-days. The difference of MRSA infection rates between pre and post intervention was tested by Chi-square at =.05. RESULT: MRSA infection rates 3.0% or 3.2 per 1,000 patient-days at the pre, 4.6% or 3.7 per 1,000 patient-days at the post, and the differences were not statistically significant (p=.411, p=.769 respectively). CONCLUSION: The handwashing improving program and MRSA carrier detection program was not effective in reducing the Nosocomial Infection(NI) or MRSA infection rates. It is recommended further studies with a longer intervention and follow-up period.

[A study to the coping patterns of cancer patients].

PURPOSE: This was to describe the emotions that patients face when diagnosed with cancer to know the problems and coping styles that cancer patients experience during the treatment. METHOD: The qualitative method was used for this study. The participants were 90 cancer patients at five general hospital in Pusan, Korea. Data were collected by interviews with a semi-structured questionnaire from November 2000 to June 2001, and were analyzed using the modified constant comparative method. RESULT: The most common emotions on the diagnosis of cancer were shock(36.7%), followed by despair(25.6%), acceptance(24.4%), denial(18.9%), complaint(16.7%), and fear(8.9%). The problems identified were the unpleasantness and physical discomfort related with the treatment(50.0%), the feelings of burden(41.1%), finance/occupation(38.8%), and fear of the future(26.6%). Coping styles to problems that the subjects have faced on the course of the treatment were compliance(36.6%), health care(31.1%), positive thinking(22.2%), despair/avoidance(15.5%), seeking social support(6.6%), information seeking(3.3%) and self-control(2.2%). CONCLUSION: It is very important to develop nursing interventions which can mitigate shock that patients experience, can help cancer patients to have hope for the future and to positively cope with cancer.